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CALIFORNIA 
CITRUS CULTURE 



A. J. COOK 



CALIFORNIA 
STATE COMMISSION 
OF HORTICULTURE 




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THE STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE 
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 



CALIFORNIA 



CITRUS CULTURE 



A. J. COOK 

State Commissioner of Horticulture 



Printed at the State Priutiug Office, Frieud Wm. Ilicbardsou, Superinteudeut. 



If/3 



JAN 20 1914 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
RAPID GROWTH OP CALIFORNIA CITRUS INDUSTRY, EXPLANATION 

THEREFOR 5 

CITRUS FRUIT TARIFF 6 

EARLY HISTORY 7 

LOCALITY ADAPTED FOR CITRUS CULTURE 8 

WATER — LEADING REQUISITE 9 

LOCAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS - 10 

FROST PROTECTION 10 

PLANTING THE ORCHARD — PREPARATION OF THE SOIL — THE 

YOUNG TREES 12 

PLANTING THE ORCHARD 13 

PROCURING THE TREES 13 

ARRANGEMENT OF TREES IN THE ORCHARD 14 

PLANTING THE TREES 16 

PROPAGATING CITRUS TREES 17 

SELECTING BUDS — BUDDING 19 

CARE OF YOUNG CITRUS ORCHARD 23 

FERTILIZATION 25 

IRRIGATION 28 

PRUNING 29 

SCHEDULE OF CULTIVATION 30 

TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS FOR CITRUS ORCHARD 31-34 

Wagons, Plows, Harrows, Cultivators, Marker or Furrower, Subsoiler, 
Drills, Spraying Outfit, Miscellaneous, Singletree, Doubletree. 

PICKING FRUIT, PICKING AND PACKING BOXES 34 

THE PACKING-HOUSE 42 

GRADING 42 

PLANT DISEASES 43-50 

Chlorosis, Exanthema, Gummosis, Scaly-bark, Mal-di-gomma, Splitting, 
Puffing, Peteca, Brown Spot, Fungi, Blue Mold, Brown Rot, Cottony Mold, 
Gray Mold, Withertip, Damping Off, Navel Rot, Root Rot. 

INJURIOUS CITRUS INSECTS 51 

CALENDAR OF PESTS OF CITRUS TREES 56-57 

PREDACEOUS INSECTS— PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS 60 

PARASITES (INTERNAL)— PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS 63 

SPRAYS 65-67 

Bordeaux mixture, Bordeaux paste. Tobacco extract (Commercial), Lime- 
Sulphur (Commercial), Carbolic Acid Emulsion, Resin Wash, Lead Arsenate. 

DUSTS 68-69 

Flowers of Sulphur, Lime and Sulphur. 

TANGLEFOOT BANDS 69 

FUMIGATION 69-82 

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, Tents (Shape, Size, Materials, Dipping, Marking, 
Number for Outfit, Care), Chemical Wagon, Acid Container, Water Tank, 
Graduates, Acid Generators, Measuring the Tents, Dosage Schedules, Mis- 
cellaneous Equipment, Chemicals, Sulphuric Acid, Method of Procedure, 
Dosage (Black Scale; Purple, Red and Yellow Scale; Mealy Bug), Length 
of Exposure, Time of Operation, Temperatiire, Buying Material, Block 
Fumigation. 



CONTENTS. • 

Pagb. 
DECADENCE OF CITRUS GROVES 82 

THE REAL FACTS 82 

SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF CITRUS TREES 83-100 

Citrus trifoliata, Citrus aurantium, var. amara ; Citrus aurantium, var. 
sinensis ; Washington navel, Valencia late, Thompson's improved, Other 
Sub-Varieties, Seedlings, Homosassa, Jaffa, St. Michael, Mediterranean 
Sweet, Blood Orange, Citrus nobilis, Citrus decumana. Citrus japonica. 
Citrus medica, var. genuiana, var. limon; Lisbon, Eureka, var. acida or 
limetta. 

BY-PRODUCTS (CITRUS) 100-101 

Citrate of Lime, Concentrated Lime Juice, Oil of Lemon, Salted Lemons, 
Candied Lemon Peel. 

GOPHER 101 

FARMERS' CLUBS 102 

REQUISITES FOR A SUCCESSFUL CLUB 102 

CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE 103 

CITRUS PROTECTIVE LEAGUE OP CALIFORNIA 104 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 

INDEX 115 



PREFACE. 



Since assuming the duties of State Commissioner of Horticulture, 
October 20, 1911, there have come to this office many requests for litera- 
ture on citrus culture. We could not meet this desire, as the admirable 
work of the late Mr. B. M. Lelong, for years connected with this office, 
has long been out of print. This led to the writing of this little treatise. 
It seemed wise and well to prepare at once something to take the place 
of Lelong 's "Culture of the Citrus in California" to send out in response 
to these requests, and hence this unpretentious booklet. 

I have purposely made this a manual; simple, brief, and severely 
practical. We might have gone thoroughly into the history of citrus 
culture, especially in our State, but the beginner or novice, for whom 
this is principally intended, usually cares little for that ; we might have 
discussed varieties at length, but this would be confusing and not in 
accord with our purpose, and so we have considered this sul)ject only so 
far as it is immediately practical. 

I am greatly indebted to Messrs. C. C. Teague, R. M. Teague, A. F. 

Call, C. C. Chapman, Dr. G. Harold Powell, Fred Reed, J. H. Reed, 

J. D. Culbertson, E. K. Koethen, R. P. Cundiff, and especially the 

secretary of the commission, Mr. E. 0. Essig, and many others who haye 

given valuable aid. 

A. J. COOK. 
Sacramento, California. Julv 1, 1913. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



We can not but marvel at the growth of the citrus industry, especially 
the orange and the lemon, in California during the past two decades. 
In the early nineties it was a mere infant. We now have nearly two 
hundred thousand acres, and ship well nigh fifty thousand cars annually, 
for which almost forty million dollars are received, of which nearly 
one third is paid to transport the fruit to the markets. The following 
statistics show graphically this rapidity of growth : In 1891, 4,056 cars 
were shipped; in 1901, 21,097; in 1911, 46,399. The number of boxes 
per car is now 396. 

The reason for this rapid growth is not far to seek. "A thing of 
beauty if a joy forever." What can excel in beauty an orange grove 
loaded with ripened fruit (Fig. 1), or a lemon tree at any time or 
season ? We all love and are ennobled by our environment where 
loveliness is dominant; and so it follows that citrus fruit growers will 
be generally marked by refinement and culture. Indeed, the success- 
Jul citrus orchardist must be a student and must possess rare intelli- 
gence. Even the so-called learned professions at their best call for no 
] setter thought or deeper study than that required by the highest suc- 
cess in growing and marketing the orange, the lemon and the grape- 
Iruit or pomelo. The grower must be a close student of details. The 
people of highest type enjoy most that which causes them to think 
and study most, and so our best folk are flocking to citrus culture as 
affording keenest mental enjoyment and the finest ethical stimilus. 

The profits in citrus production are equal to those in any line of 
agriculture. It is brainy work and nowhere do brains count for more. 
I have been a close student and observer of citrus orchards and citrus 
fruit production for nearly twenty years, and have known orchards 
for all that time that have never missed a crop. Where every detail 
of care is observed by the orchardist, the trees rarely fail to respond 
with a good and often a colossal production. 

A small orange grove can be cared for by its owner with very slight 
aid from others, and thus the greatest handicap in agriculture — 
inability to secure labor — is solved. I have known one man single- 
handed to care thoroughly well for a ten-acre orange grove, and such a 
grove will give generous support to its owner. I have known a man to 
care for forty acres, with no other aid except at time of irrigation and 
picking. In case pruning is extensive, it would require extra service. 
One can hardly picture a nearer approach to Utopia than a community 



6 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



of citrus growers, each with a grove of from five to twenty acres, and each 
rivalling the other in the care and intelligence of his management. The 
climate must be genial, for only in sneli a climate will these fruits 
thrive. In California, the scenery rivals the best in Switzerland, and 
the labor, never too arduous, is uniform the entire year through. The 
free, pure, outdoor air is surety for health and vigor, and a happiness 




Fig. 1. — Orange trees at San Gabriel tliirty years old. (After Lelongr.) 

and comfort that ever attends honest endeavor in the field of agricul- 
ture, is nowhere more certain than to the owner of a citrus grove that is 
properly located and well cared for. We can not wonder then that 
eitriLs culture has advanced by leaps and bounds, and can safely predict 
that the future will greatly surpass the past, and even the present, in 
its growth and production. 



CITRUS FRUIT TARIFF. 



There is a tariff of one and one half cents per pound on lemons and 
one cent per pound on oranges. The one half cent additional on 
lemons was added in 1910 and has greatly stimulated the planting 
of lemons. If this protection continues, in a few years sufficient lemons 
will be planted to supply the entire demand of the United States. This 
is now true in the case of oranges, which have been protected by a one 
cent per pound tariff, so that now our country produces all its own 
oranges. 

There is little doubt but that the tariff on both oranges and lemons 
will be reduced to one half cent by the present extra session of 
Congress. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



EARLY HISTORY. 



In that excellent volume, by the late Mr. B. ]\I. Lelong, "Culture 
of the Citrus in California," will be found an interesting account of 
the early development of this industry in our State. It was more than 
a century and a half ago that the jNIission Fathers introduced the 
orange, the fig, the foreign grapes, and the olive. These padres came 
to help men to a more abundant life. They did more; they demon- 
strated that our genial climate made our much prized citras fruits 
entirely at home. 

California gained its great renown from the discovery of gold. 
Little did the early miners dream of the riches in the soil while in 
quest of nuggets in the placers and river gravels or the loeked-up 
gold of the quartz mines. Yet to-day our orchards fairly eclipse the 
mines in the wealth they pour into the pocketbook of the State. Except 
for oil, no single product of California begins to compare in impor- 
tance, measured by the net ca.sh returns, with that of the citrus groves. 
G. Harold Powell, general manager of the California Fruit Growers' 
Exchange, than whom no one is more able to give an authentic opinion, 
states that the "citrus industry represents two hundred million dollars 
capital invested, ten thousand growers are interested, one hundred 
thousand people depend upon it for a livelihood, while fifty thousand 
carloads are expected to be shipped from the State the present .season." 
We see that the citrus product of to-day is a very leading factor in the 
business interests of the State. There is apparent the urgency of push- 
ing Avith vigor all that helps to advance this important interest and of 
working to staj' with all po.ssible energy whatever tends to handicap it. 

To quote again from the work of the late Mr. B. M. Lelong: 
"While orange trees were among the first introduced into the State, 
having been brought by the Mission Fathers, it may be said that orange 
culture is of very modern origin, and the industry has assumed com- 
mercial importance only since 1880." At first it Avas supposed that 
only the south was sufficiently balmy to make citrus culture possible. 
Now we know that in the elevated mesas and the foothill valleys of 
both the northern coast and Sierra ranges there are favored localities 
where citrus culture is successfully practiced, as far north as Placer, 
Glenn and Butte counties. In fact, the fruit in these northern coun- 
ties is of excellent quality and ripens earlier than in the south. This 
promises only good to the State^ as we shall be able to maintain a 
market of superior oranges, as we do now of lemons, throughout the 
entire year, from January to January. This guarantee, that the best 



8 CALIPORiN'IA CITRUS CUL^Ufefi. 

will always be at the command of the purchaser, is of gre^ impor- 
tance to both the producer and consumer. The northern groves pos- 
sess two advantages : They supply the early better market, and tlie 
early ripened fruit is likely to precede any possible frost. 



LOCALITY. 



There are certain reciuirements that should always engage the most 
serious and painstaking attention of the one about to engage in the 
growdng of oranges and lemons: soil, water and climate are dominant 
factors in successful citrus culture. 

The soil should be a rich loam ; either clay, or sand or gravel may 
predominate. We now know that humus is an absolute requisite for 
any productive soil or any crop, so a good suppl}^ of organic matter 
is essential. While in such arid soils as those of California, humus 
is unfortunately limited in amount, yet the nitrogen content of the 
humus in these soils is usually large ; thus I say, rich loam, for 
though we may supply this decaying organic matter, when it is meager 
in quantity, yet the orchardist is most favored who has in his soil a 
goodly proportion of this valuable humus. We have only to mention 
Redlands, Riverside, Santa Paula, and Porterville to prove that the 
best citrus fruit can be produced on quite heavy clay; even adobe soil 
often produces first-class oranges and lemons ; on the other hand, much 
of the San Gabriel Valley is remarkable for its sandy, gravelly acres. 
This soil may also boast of great crops of very superior fruit. The 
clay soils are very strong, very productive, very enduring, but they 
must be kept aerated and in good tilth, which is no light task. The 
man who cultivates a clay citrus grove must have good brain pow( '', 
and must use his brains to the limit. We may .'iay a grove of heavy 
clay soil is first best if its owner is first best. Such soils must never 
be tilled when not in prime condition and the drainage should be per- 
fect. A sandy, gravelly soil is less retentive of moisture, is not so 
strong, and must be abundantly fed. It can be worked almost imme- 
diately after a heavy rain with no serious injury, and so may be 
handled with less of care, less of diligence — in short, less of brains. 
Such soils suffer little from lack of aeration. I was told, in Sicily, 
that the lemons grown on clay soils were superior in quality, brought 
a higher price — one fourth more — and kept better than those grown 
on sandy soils. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 9 

It is also necessary to have a soil that is deep and with a good 
subsoil. An artificial hardpau from six to eight inches from the sur- 
face is not uncommon in any kind of soil. A natural hardpan still 
deeper down is often found. In purchasing a location for citrus trees, 
we should never fail to dig down and find out just the condition of 
the subsoil — the soil just below the plane reached by the plow. King's 
soil tester makes it easy to learn the character of the subsoil to a deptli 
of five or six feet. Any hardpan is prejudicial to success. It is also 
very essential to avoid ])lack alkali or carbonate of soda. We have 
only to keep these points in mind to choose wisely in the purchase of 
lands for citrus fruits, so far as the soil is concerned. 



WATER. 



The purchaser must he even more wary regarding the ability to 
secure sufficient water for irrigation, as nearly every California soil 
will, with proper care and cultivation, give remunerative crops. Water 
is the very life of the grove. No one should ever purchase a grove, 
or land for a grove, unless he is absolutely sure that abundant water 
is always at his command. In planting, we must not forget that the 
older the trees the more water required. The government experts, who 
have investigated along these lines, caution those who are planting 
new groves, and state emphatically that in many localities in Cali- 
fornia, though not in all, we have now reached the limit of safety 
in planting. In some sections we have, however, come far short of 
developing the amount of water that may be secured from underground 
reservoirs by boring wells and pumping. Very much more water will 
be pumped for irrigation in the near future than is now secured. In 
a few places reservoirs above the surface may be formed to add to our 
water resources, and in these the winter run-off may be stored and held 
for use. It is also demonstrated by actual experience that by wisely 
distributing the water during the copious rains of winter, what would 
else go in the winter run-off to the sea, can be stored up in the sub- 
earth gravels and be utilized in the long dry season of summer. Yet 
we may still urge that since water is the great desideratum and the 
absolute necessity in citrus culture, the securing a full supply for the 
coming time when the groves are all mature and in full bearing, and 
for years of least rainfall, should engage the chief and most thorough 
consideration of him who is contemplating the purchase or planting of 
citrus orchards. We must also always be cautious that the water we 
use is free from alkali. 



10 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



LOCAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 



As regards the liability to frost, we can uot be too cautious in select- 
ing a locality for a citrus grove. True, the orange (the lemon is a 
little more susceptible to frost than is the orange) will resist a tem- 
perature a little below freezing, perhaps as low as 26 degrees Fahr. 
if not too long continued, but if the thermometer goes down to 22 
degrees or 25 degrees Fahr. above zero, both fruit and tree are likely 
to suffer. This is the more true if the cold endures for quite a long 
period, and if the sun comes out clear the following morning the 
damage is increased. It is found in California, as elsewhere, that the 
cold is more pronounced in lower levels, so that it is safer to locate 
higher up on the mesas. The cold, like water, flow^s down into the 
lower valleys, so that often the lower groves will suffer harm, while 
those higher up escape all damage. It is a gratifying fact that seriously 
cold seasons do not occur in California on an average oftener than about 
one year in four. 



FROST PREVENTION. 



As a question of permanent public policy, it is uncertain how far 
protection against frost, by artificial means, may wisely be carried; 
but where orchards are already planted, it is surely unwise to neglect 
the insurance that is afforded by a proper equipment for frost pro- 
tection. The cost will be great, and the labor involved in the fight 
will be both disagreeable and exhaustive, when the cold nights come. 
But when not only the fruit but the trees themselves are at stake, the 
orchardist can not afford to take any chance. In one large lemon grove 
the expenditure of $6,000 fighting frost in the winter of 1911-12 saved 
$100,000 worth of fruit. While the year following, when the cold 
reached a temperature of 15 degrees above zero, it cost twice as much 
to save the crop. Yet at this time not only the fruit was saved, but 
irreparable damage to the trees was prevented. Many would have been 
killed outright, others greatly injured. 

Prior to 1911, for years, the coal baskets, one to each tree were 
successfully used in frost protection. The experience in 1911 proved 
that oil pots were preferable to coal baskets. Oil as a fuel is more 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 11 

easily handled and much more economical. This season millions of oil 
pots are being purchased. The oil pot now desired has a capacity of 
seven gallons, a down draft tube that insures the entire consumption 
of fuel oil or cheap distillate and regulation of the flame to greater 
or less heights as the degree of cold requires. These are costly but the 
expense is more than warranted. The soot resulting from incomplete 
combustion smuts fruit, but by washing the latter in warm water con- 
taining gold dust after a quick submergence in kerosene oil the smut 
is wholly removed. 

The lessons taught by the unprecedented frosts of January, 1913, 
are first : We can not count on any f rostless region in California. San 
Diego had never been injured before, but suffered severely last Janu- 
ary. The same was true of the foothill mesas along the San Gabriel 
mountains. 

Lemons, both the fruit and trees, are more susceptible than oranges; 
young trees than old. Apparently trees inured to cold are less likely 
to be damaged than are others. Severe frosts in Sacramento seemed less 
injurious to citrus trees than a like frost at Santa Barbara or San 
Diego. 

It was conclusively demonstrated that by the use of oil pots — 
smudge — the orchards could be absolutely protected. In some orchards 
which were thoroughly provided with pots and oil the fruit was wholly 
protected, and the frost was a real advantage, as the high prices are 
very exceptional and bring great profits to the vigilant orchardist. 

While the thick canopy of smoke often resulting from the fire may, 
and doubtless does, do some good in acting as a blanket to retard radia- 
tion, yet it is probable that a smokeless heater which consumes all the 
carbon would produce more heat and be more advantageous. 

While the soot can be easily and cheaply removed from the fruit, 
yet it is very obnoxious, as it pushes into houses and begrimes tapestry 
and curtains, and is a very serious inconvenience. It would seem that 
the ideal pot would be smokeless, one that would consume all the refuse 
from the oil, leaving the pot clean, would burn crude, or cheap, oil, 
hold sufficient oil to burn all night, if required, and so made that it can 
be filled with no spilling of the oil. 

There are two methods which are quite satisfactory in determining 
whether or not the fruit has been frozen. By placing the fruit in 
diluted alcohol of the right density, which can be easily determined by 
experiment, the frozen fruit does not sink and so is easily separated 
from the heavier unfrozen fruit. The other method is by the use of a 
current of water which separates the injured from the sound fruit on 
the same principle that gravel is sorted by a running stream. This 
latter arrangement originated with Mr. Harry Chase of Riverside, and 



12 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

is reported to give ju-curate deterniinatiou. Of course it need not be 
vsaid that frozen fruit should never be marketed. 

Frozen trees shoukl not be pruned until time and new growth show 
the exact limit of the killing of the branches. Then all dead portions 
should be removed. In case the cambium, or inner bark, is killed down 
to or below the bud then the whole of the trunk may be cut away, and 
new growth from the crown can be permitted to grow, and this may be 
budded to produce the desired variety of fruit. If branches start 
above the bud, the largest of these may form a new tree and no further 
budding will be required. If desired, the trunk can be retained for a 
time and will serve well to support the new growth. In this case it is 
well to trim the trunk of all dead limbs, when it will be easy to grow 
and cultivate beans among the injured trees. These will give a good 
profit and serve to keep up the fertility of the land. 

The CITRUS grower must remember that good and sufficient oil 

POTS ARE A WISE AND PROVIDENT INSURANCE AGAINST LOSS AND POSSIBLE 
RUIN. 



PLANTING THE ORCHARD. 



PREPARATION OF SOIL. 

In preparing to set an orchard the soil should be thoroughly and 
deeply cultivated, especially if it is a clay soil. We have seen that a 
rich supply of humus is very essential. If, then, a heavy stand of 
vetch, alfalfa or sweet clover could be grown and plowed under before 
planting, in time to become well decomposed, it would aid in making a 
first-class planting ground. The soil should be moist when the trees are 
set. 

THE YOUNG TREES. 

These should be vigorous, well formed, and wholly free from fungous 
affection or insect attack. Usually it will be necessary to secure them 
at a nursery. In such case, a reliable nursery should be sought and a 
careful inspection of all the trees made by an expert. In case one 
can do so, it is well to grow his own plants in the seed bed from selected 
seed. Seeds from sour stock are now thought the best. Trees from 
these are said to resist fungi and frost, especially when young, better 
than others. Those from fruit known to be produced on a very 
vigorous, productive tree are to be preferred. A very productive tree 
must possess great vitality, and the seed would be likely to partake 
of this character and produce excellent i)lants. Even more important 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 13 

is it to secure the buds of trees that invariably produce more gen- 
erously of fruit of rare excellence. Such a course would almost 
certainly result in producing a phenomenal orchard, for it is a well 
known law of nature that "like produces like." There may be ex- 
ceptions, but these only prove the rule. (See article by A. D. Shamel 
in August, 1912, The Monthly Bulletin, California Horticultural Com- 
mission.) The trees in transplanting must be dug from the nursery 
so as to disturb the root system as little as possible. They should 
be balled, kept moist, and planted out with the least possible delay. 
In setting, the earth should be firmed about the roots when practicable, 
by use of water, and if the planting is done in early spring (I have 
had satisfactory results in planting in February, though most prefer 
May and June) we are quite sure to have excellent success, if our 
subse(iuent care is what it should be. If the earth keeps cold, plant- 
ing may be deferred even to late summer. It is best to cut back to 
preserve the balance between roots and top. As this work is so vital 
to success, I will discuss it more in detail. 

PLANTING THE ORCHARD. 

As before stated, the land prior to planting should be thoroughly 
prepared. This means that it should be deeply and thoroughly cul- 
tivated, Avell enriched by previous cover crops plowed under or by use 
of stable fertilizer, at least ten big loads to the acre. In a virgin soil 
manure may be safely deferred for two or three years. The ground 
should also be leveled and graded to perfection, as this will save 
immensely in labor and peace of mind in the future care of the orchard. 
A uniform grade is desirable with a minimum of one per cent fall if 
possible. We should never grade off the surface soil where contour or 
change in direction could make it unnecessary. The reason is obvious. 
The surface soil is usually better supplied with the necessary soil ele- 
ments.' I fear not all will follow this advice, but those who do not will 
surely realize their mistake later. 

PROCURING THE TREES. 

It is wise to see the trees before purchasing, to make certain that 
they had been grown under proper conditions. One had best purchase 
some months before jilanting, as he is more likely to secure good trees. 
The price usually runs from forty cents to one dollar per tree, varying 
with size, supply and demand, and number purchased. If possible, one 
may well buy selected trees, paying more. This is one signal advan- 
tage among many of growing one's own trees from seedbed to orchard. 

Too much care can not be exercised in removing budded trees from 



14 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

the nursery and preparing them for shipment. There are tw^ methods : 
the open-root and the balling. A ditch, eighteen inches deep on one 
side, eight inches from the row, permits cutting all the roots on that 
side, and also the tap root or roots. Then for open roots, the tree may 
be crowded into this trench, breaking as few roots as possible. This 
is allowable only for near-by planting. A long, sharp spade makes it 
easy to cut the roots on the other three sides. If we wish to ball, M^hich 
is best in most all cases, we tamp the soil, shape the ball and lift the tree 
on to burlap, which is then folded and tied about the trunk. Haste in 
transportation is always in order. The trees upon arrival at their des- 
tination should be heeled-in, pointing southwest, in case of open roots, 
or planted at once. A furrow with a 45-degree slant on one side makes 
heeling-in easy. None but the open root trees should be heeled in, and 
it were always better to set at once. If one grows his own nursery stock, 
this is the more easily accomplished. No one should order trees until 
he is ready to set them. From the heeling-in furrow to the orchard, 
trees should be handled with as little delay as possible, and unless balled 
should be covered with a wet blanket, especially if the day is hot. 

ARRANGEMENT OF TREES IN ORCHARD. 

There are four methods of planting as to arrangement of trees : 
rectangular, triangular, quincunx or hexagonal. The first, square or 
rectangular, is simplest and most common. Indeed, it is the almost 
universal method to-day. If in squares (Fig. 2), the trees are often 
planted twenty feet apart, which gives one hundred and eight trees to 
the acre. Most prefer to plant further apart, at least one way. If 
twenty by twenty-five feet, then we have eighty-seven trees to the acre. 
It is quite common to have the squares twenty-two by twenty-two feet, 
which takes ninety trees to the acre. This is quite close" enough, and 
there is wisdom in increasing this. The squares are often twenty-four, 
twenty-five or twenty-six feet on each side. 

In the triangular system (Fig. 3) the trees are parallel to one mar- 
gin of the field in one direction and diagonal to this the otlier way. 
The trees will be further apart on the diagonal lines. Suppose we wish 
to plant twenty feet apart in the rows parallel to the margin. We then 
lay off the orchard in twenty-feet squares. The first row will be at 
the angles of the squares, next to the margin of the field. The trees of 
the second row will be at the middle points of the opposite sides of the 
squares, etc. Each alternate row will have trees at the angles, the next 
at the middle of the sides of the squares. This gives ninety-eight trees 
to the acre. The trees will be twenty feet apart one way and a little 
more than twenty-two feet the other way. This has no advantage, 
except it permits cultivating or working the ground in three directions. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



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Fig. 2 



, — The square system. 
(After Lelong.) 



Fig. 3. — The triangular or alternate 
system. (After Lelong.) 



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71 "l. 



Fig. 4. — The quincunx system. 
(After Lelong.) 



Fig. 5. — The hexagonal system. 
(After Lelong.) 



16 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

The quincunx system (Fig. 4) is like the rectangular, ^xcept that a 
tree is planted in the center of each square or rectangle. This adds to 
the number of trees. If the square is twenty feet on each side, there 
will be one hundred and ninety-nine trees to the acre. It also serves 
when more trees are desired in a young orchard, some of which will be 
removed as the trees age. It makes this removal easy, without affecting 
the symmetry of the grove. 

In the hexagonal or sextuple system (Fig. 5), six trees mark the 
angles of an equilateral hexagon, with an extra tree in the middle point 
between them. In case the trees are twenty feet apart, the first row 
will be parallel to the one side of the field, and the trees twenty feet 
apart. Two twenty-foot lines stretched from the first two trees of this 
row towards the opposite side of the field, approximating each other, 
will fix the location of the center tree where they meet. This will be 
the first tree of the second row, which will be parallel to the first row. 
The trees of the third row will be exactly opposite those of the first. 
Here alone, of all the systems, each tree is equally distant from all 
adjacent trees. If the trees are set twenty feet apart, then one hundred 
and twenty- four trees will be set on each acre. Here the trees may be 
cultivated diagonally in two directions and in a third direction parallel 
Avith the side. 

PLANTING THE TREES. 

Citrus trees may be planted at almost any time ; better from February 
to August. I prefer February — when the trees are more dormant, 
though the heaviest plantings are in April and May, and as late as 
June. This avoids frost, and the trees will respond to the temperate 
heat of spring. 

The holes may best be dug just prior to setting the trees and should 
be ample in size, not less than two and a half feet in diameter. They 
should be dug a little deeper than necessary to accom- 
modate the trees, the extra space being filled with 
fresh, rich fertile soil. The bruised roots of each tree 
should be cut off diagonally with a clean cut, just 
above the wound, and the top cut to balance the i-oot 
pruuing and to give all the trees similar and sym- 
metrical heads. Some of our growers leave all the 
top and foliage intact; others prune the top heavily, 
^ removing all the leaves. I think the above course, 

Pig. T—^"ung" roots trimming to balance top and root sj'stem, is preferable. 
fnpSfng^^( After ^^^ the trccs are placed in position, the roots, if the 
Leiong.) trees are not balled, should be evenly separated 

(Fig. 6) by hand, and in every case the hole filled three fourths full 




CALIFORNLi CITRUS CULTURE. 17 

with ffood surface soil, when enough water should be added to settle 
the soil thoroughly about the roots or ball and to crowd out all the air 
and saturate the ball through and through, after which fill in to the 
top, leaving the trees a little higher than they stood in the nursery, 
as they will settle slightly after they are planted. The bud should be 
some inches above the earth. Not only should the bud be well above 
the ground, but it is equally important, probably more important, not 
to plant the roots too deep. Preferably the crown roots should not be 
planted more than two inches below the mean surface level of the 
crown. 

As soon as the trees are all set they should receive a thorough irriga- 
tion, especially if not balled, and a good cultivation as soon thereafter 
as the soil is in proper condition, both of which as we have seen should 
be deep. 



PROPAGATING CITRUS TREES. 



More and more, I think, will our citrus growers start their own. trees. 
Yet nurserymen need not shiver at this advice, as few will follow it. 
The orchardist can then select seeds and buds, and can care for the 
plants from the very first, and very likely such care, costing but little, 
will double the annual income as the trees come to maturity. I know 
starting trees is a complex matter — a trade to be learned, but I have 
great faith in Yankee gumption. 

As large seeds are preferable, seeds of the sour orange, sweet orange 
and pomelo are to be preferred, the largest seeds always to be selected. 
These should be secured from the fruit of trees of maximum perform- 
ance and thrift. Whether or not the stock affects quality of scion or 
bud so as to influence quality of fruit, surely every plant and animal 
lias better promise if the parents are full of vigor, health and action. 
In Europe sour stock is everywhere preferred and almost universally 
used. We are now rapidly coming to the same practice. 

Seed are secured by cutting selected fruit, squeezing out pulp and 
seeds and sieving; or the fruit may be decomposed in water and the 
seeds washed free from the pulp by use of the sieve. The seeds should 
never be permitted to dry, and to prevent this they may be stratified 
in moist sand till needed for planting. Seeds from Florida come dry, 
but will germinate readily if soaked in water about seventy hours before 
planting. Mr. R. M. Teague, one of our most successful growers, always 
plants in the open, with no protection. He thinks this gives him hardier 
trees and a better root system. It is to be said, however, that his loca- 
2— cc 



18 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



lion is in a very protected district. But most of our nurserymen 
protect the young plants by use of a lath cover. The seeds should 
never be planted until the earth is warm or they may decay. In 
any case, the soil should be rich, loamy, and with a surface of sand at 
least for two or three inches. If this is slightly ridged, and the seeds 
planted on the ridges, the drainage will be more perfect and the damp- 
ing-off fungus will not be so likely to put in its deadly work. 

From March to May, depending upon season and soil, is the time to 
plant the seed bed. The seeds are best planted in rows one foot apart. 
The seeds are covered about one inch with soil that has been screened. 




Fig. 7. — Young seed bed orange stock. (After Lelong. ) 



It is easy to irrigate between the rows and to cultivate with a hand 
cultivator. The seeds will come up in about three wrecks if the weather 
is favorable. The young seedlings should be well watered and culti- 
vated and left in the seed bed for one year. As already stated, many 
prefer to protect the young seedlings. The earth must be kept moist, 
but not too wet or the plants will die of fungus attack. The early 
spring is the best time to plant not only the seeds but to transplant 
the seedlings. 

The young plants from the seed beds (Fig. 7) should be transplanted 
to the nursery in rows at least three or four feet apart, or so as to 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 19 

admit of cultivating by horse without injury, and fifteen inches apart 
in the rows. This gives ample room for digging and balling. The 
plants are easily loosened in the seed bed by the use of a long spade, 
and should be quickly set, as the roots must not be permitted to become 
dry. Only robust plants should be transplanted to the nursery. As 
Mr. R. M. Teague says, "the best are none too good." Some advise 
keeping puny plants for two years in the seed beds. It were better to 
discard them entirely. To take up the seed bed plants, a four or five 
tined potato fork is excellent. It will not cut the roots as will a spade. 
If the weather is hot it is well to place shade boards above the young 
plants. The nursery should be carefully watered and cultivated for 
two years, when the nursery trees should be ready for budding. This 
insures larger and stronger trees, and the buds can be set six inches 
above the ground. Budding is possible whenever the bark slips easily, 
and may be done in March and April. Summer budding is not uncom- 
mon, though the best time to set the buds is in September and October. 
The buds will start as soon as the sap begins to flow ; will become strong 
before fall and will resist the cold of winter. Here, again, it is well to 
select only the best of the young trees. The bud union is the weak 
place in a citrus tree, and should be well above the reach of irrigating 
water as a preventive of gum disease. 

SELECTING BUDS. 

The selection of the buds is, I think, the most important step in the 
whole range of citrus culture, and is reason enough for one to grow 
his own trees, at least from the time they are set in the nursery. Only 
buds from tested trees, whose performance has been most excellent in 
both quality and quantity for a number of years, should ever be 
accepted. This gives us pedigreed stock. In this way we hope to double 
our output and profit. "We must remember what selection has done for 
corn in Illinois and Iowa. (See article on breeding citrus trees, by 
A. D. Shamel, The Monthly Bulletin, California State Commission of 
Horticulture, Vol. I, No. 9, August, 1912.) 

Mr. R. M. Teague uses only selected buds. He allows his patrons to 
furnish their own buds if they so prefer, though this privilege is rarely 
accepted. The past season only two persons accepted the offer, though 
he sold over two hundred thousand trees. Only plump, vigorous buds 
should be used. The method of inserting the bud is explained by 
Figs. 8 and 9, where is shown the T-shaped cut, the peeling of the bark 
and the cutting and insertion of the bud. The tying by budding twine 
or waxed strip of cloth is well shown. Some of the twigs with foliage are 
left on the young plants to promote vigor (Fig. 10), though not many, 



20 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 






Fig. S. — Preparing the slock to receive tlie hucl. (After Lelong.) 




Fig. !). — Cntfins the hiul from the scion. (.Aftor Lclong. ) 



CALIFORNIiV CITRU^^ CULTURE. 



21 



as we wish to throw sap to the ])uds. After the buds are well started 
the old twigs may be gradually removed. One or two years after 
budding the young trees are ready to set in the orchard. 

Large trees may be budded if a change of variety or if a better tree 
is desired. Here the buds are inserted into the branches (Figs. 11 
and 12), some of which are permitted to remain to insure thrift, and 
removed as the new growths from the bud become large and thrifty. 
The trunks in this case should be protected from the sun's hot rays by 
whitewash, or by wrapping with some protecting cover. It is also well 
to protect young trees in the orchard in similar fashion. All pruning 





Fig. 10. — Showing bud inserted and the wrappings. In some cases a. few limbs 
are left to promote vigor. (After Lelong. ) 

of orchards should be close, and the fresh cut at once waxed over. 
In case Fuller's rose weevil attacks the buds, as they are wont to do, 
the insects may be headed off by winding loose cotton about the trunk 
below the bud. The beetles are wingless, and so can reach the buds 
only by crawling up the trunk. The cotton will prevent this. 

Citrus trees can be started by grafting, by slips, or by layering, but 
as none of these methods are now in vogue in our citrus orchards it is 
needless to discuss them here. 



22 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




Fig. 11. — Orange tree cut back to force it to throw out shoots from 
the main branches, which are budded. Tlie body of the tree is 
protected witli burlap or wliitewash. (Aftei- Lelong. ) 




J.^J.'T*' 



Fig. 12. — Large seedling orange trees worked over by budding in 
the main branches. (After Lelong.) 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



23 



CARE OF THE YOUNG CITRUS ORCHARD. 



Humus is very essential to the best growth and vigor of our trees. 
Therefore, a good application of well-rotted stable fertilizer will be 
welcomed by the young trees even the first year. The trees must never 
feel the lack of abundant moisture. At first basins about the trees 
for irrigating are allowable, but furrows, even in the young orchard, 
are usually the cheapest and the best. In any case the water should 
not touch the tree trunks, and the irrigation should be deep, then the 
roots will go down deeply, where they always should be. We often 
talk of trees as being deep or shallow rooting, but are not these condi- 
tions the results of our special methods? The roots will go where the 
water or moisture is. The elms in the eastern swamps are very shallow 
rooting. I have grown them here in California, and found the roots 
deep in the soil. Surface irrigation invites the roots to the surface, 
while if the water is placed deep down the roots are impelled to push 
down to secure it. Shallow rooting trees in an arid soil will always 
sufi:'er in times of drought; while trees with roots deep in the soil will 
usually suffer not at all. I have trees that I have set and cared for for 




i !<;. i-i. — Orange trees pruned higli. (After Lolong. ) 

fourteen years, always irrigating in deep basins or furrows, and now, 
when I plow deeply in fall or spring, the roots are never harmed. In 
clay ground it is well to plow deeply, and one can do so safely where 
the roots are beyond harm's way. I repeat, the roots should be kept 
down, but if, from improper cultivation and irrigation, this has not 
been done, the wrong may be righted by plowing each succeeding fall 
and spring a little deeper. Such a course is certainly wise. I urge 



24 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



again, the first year the trees must never feel the want of ^ater. As 
with young animals, dwarfed in youth, always dwarfed. 

The second season the trees nmst be pruned to form a head that is 
shapely, but this pruning should be as light as possible to produce a 




Fig. 14.— Ora-ngu tieo headed low. (Photo by A. U. Sha,iiicLj 



symmetrical tree, as the abundant foliage is of signal use at this 
period. In Italy the trees are headed high (Fig. 13), so that one can 
walk under the lower limbs. The practice of lower heading (Fig. 14) is 
much to be preferred. The lower branches should leave the trunk at 
varying heights to avoid crotches and splitting. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 25 



FERTILIZATION. 



In the young orchards — in all orchards — -a winter cover crop of vetch, 
Canadian field peas, burr clover, or other vigorous legumes (vetch is 
probably the best) is very desirable. This insures against washing of 
the soil in case of heavy rainfall, supplies the needed humus, and also 
adds to the soil the most expensive, and possibly the most deficient, soil 
element — nitrogen. The roots of this cover crop also liberate other 
elements of fertility. The soil bacteria take the free nitrogen from the 
air and combine it with the: soil salts, when it is in form to be utilized 
by the trees. This is emphatically the cheapest way to secure the 
valuable and greatly needed nitrogen. We must have abundant water 
for both the cover crop and the trees. This cover crop should be plowed 
under not later than February, that it may be decomposed or converted 
into humus in the early spring as the probable moisture at this season 
promotes decomposition. To plow this under at so early a date and yet 
permit the plant to reach its full development requires that the seed 
of the cover crop be planted early — not later than September. In case 
of light rainfall in the autumn irrigation must be practiced, not only 
as the seed is drilled in, but also when needed afterwards. In this case 
broad, shallow furrows must be left so that irrigation can be accom- 
plished whenever it is desired to water the plants. Some of our best 
citrus growers advocate and practice the planting of cover crops in 
summer, using at this season cowpeas. This may be wise in case one 
has abundant water, especially in a young orchard, but in this case 
we must be very careful that our trees are not robbed of the required 
amount of water. I can but believe that this is a questionable practice. 
The questionable practice of growing alfalfa in citrus groves is an 
increasing one. This makes a heavy demand on the water supply. 
Dr. E. W. Hilgard used to say that alfalfa hay was easily worth eight 
dollars per ton to plow under as a fertilizer. Dr. C. G. Hopkins main- 
tains that growing alfalfa, just to use to fertilize our orchards, is well 
worth consideration. (See the Monthly Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 9, page 
641.) 

Many utilize the space between the young trees by growing an extra 
summer crop of some useful vegetable. In such case nothing is better 
than beans, as these tend to make the soil loose and friable, and as these 
are legumes, they really enrich the soil by adding nitrogen, as we have 
already explained. Beans are also one of our most profitable field crops. 
Many, however, grow no secondary crop, preferring to give the trees, 
old or young, all the fertility that the soil possesses. 

As the grove reaches on toward maturity the presence of abundant 
humus is more and more important, and so the cover crop must not be 



26 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

neglected. Stable fertilizer should be used in generous pioportions, 
Math scarcely any limit in the case of clay soils. Straw, especially bean 
straw, is particularly valuable. Commercial fertilizers are also to be 
recommended. While the abundance of potash in our California soils 
would seem to sustain Dr. Hilgard's contention that we need not 
add this element to our soils, yet some of our most intelligent growers 
feel sure that they have secured much advantage in the use of this soil 
element. Dr. Hopkins maintains that limestone, ground coarsly, is 
often more needed than potash. (See The Monthly Bulletin, State 
Horticultural Commission, Vol. I, No. 9, page 424.) Dr. Hilgard urges 
also that the phosphates are likely to be the first fertilizers that will 
be called for by our California citrus orchard soils. It is never safe 
to neglect advice of one so thoroughly informed, and one who has had 
such valuable observation and experience as has had Dr. Hilgard. Dr. 
Hopkins states, as already mentioned, that many soils are more likely 
to be deficient in lime than in potash. The reason for this is, the greater 
solubility of the lime permits it to be washed from the soil. (See The 
Monthly Bulletin, State Commission of Horticulture, Vol. I, No. 9.) It 
makes no difference whether we use rock or bone phosphates, as phos- 
phates are phosphates, whatever their origin. In case either of bone or 
rock, the treated or superphosphates are more readily and quickly avail- 
able, but if the untreated are ground very fine and added to a soil rich 
in organic matter, and if the bone is steamed, they will answer well and 
in time will all be utilized, so that really nothing is lost. The potash 
and phosphates should always be placed deep in the soil. The presence 
of humus insures organic acid, which renders the phosphates available. 
The phosphate slag affords also a cheap and valuable fertilizer, when 
procurable. 

The most costly fertilizing element — nitrogen, so necessary because 
it enters into every living cell, plant or animal — will be much in evi- 
dence in case we have followed the foregoing advice regarding the use 
of cover crops and stable or barnyard manure. Yet we may find it 
advisable to secure it in more ample quantities. Many use Chili salt- 
petre or nitrate of soda. This in the cool days of early spring brings a 
quick response from all vegetation. It is, indeed, very quickly available 
as it is very readily soluble. For this reason it is quite likely to be 
washed out of the soil and lost. The late Dr. Frank H. King, one of 
our greatest soil chemists and long time professor in the University of 
"Wisconsin, urged great caution in the use of this sodium nitrate. The 
nitric acid is very likely to let go of the soda and unite with some other 
base, and the carbonic acid of the soil will at the same time couple with 
the soda, and thus we will have formed sodium carbonate, the black 
alkali, which, as we know, is a very serious enemy of nearly all plants. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 27 

In soils that are poorly draiued we often have too much of this black 
alkali without adding any more. Its presence may not be apparent at 
once, but we are storing up trouble for our children, or the future 
owners of the land, if we use this Chili saltpetre, especially on poorly 
drained soils. If, however, sodium nitrate is used in connection with 
gypsum less harm will occur. The organic nitrogen secured in dried 
blood and tankage is without objection, and though slower to act, is 
very sure to be available sooner or later, and can be used with little or 
no loss. It is well to remember that the Germans, among whom are 
many expert scientists, advise and use much commercial fertilizers, 
nuich more than we do in America. It is also significant that their crop 
production is often much heavier and of finer quality. We must 
remember that our citrus trees are tremendous producers, and so must 
be very generously fed. Indeed, our most successful growers in Cali- 
fornia are generally those who use commercial fertilizers in greatest 
abundance. It i.s not presumptions, I think, to predict that in the near 
future all citrus growers will grow luxuriant cover crops, will use 
abundant stable fertilizer, and will supplement these by a liberal use 
of commercial fertilizer. I am glad to append here the practice of 
some of our best orchardists. 

The late Judge A. F. Call, of Corona, California, was a successful 
citrus grower and spoke from experience. He thought lemons need 
more nitrogen than do oranges; preferred organic or a slow-acting 
nitrogen ; supplied the orange with nitrogen in the spring and the lemon 
in both spring and fall ; he used no potash ; he believed phosphoric acid 
valuable, would apply it at any time, but wished it drilled deeply in 
the soil; he was a firm believer in cover crops. 

Mr. Frank L. Palmer, of North Pomona, would use for phosphoric 
acid high grade tankage early in the season; or, if bone meal is pre- 
ferred, plows it under in the early winter. He often adds superphos- 
phate in midsummer, drilling it in after irrigation. He believes in 
sulphate of potash, applied with drill in the fall. He decides at the 
beginning of the year how much of each fertilizer he will use throughout 
the season, and then uses the separates to supply the amount desired. 

Mr. C. C. Chapman, of Fullerton, uses from fifteen to twenty pounds 
of complete fertilizer, containing nine per cent nitrogen to each large 
tree. He supplements this with three to four pounds nitrate of soda in 
the early spring. He applies five to seven pounds of potash and ten to 
fifteen pounds, running eighteen to twenty per cent of superphosphate, 
or eighteen to twenty pounds, running twenty to thirty per cent of 
ground bone. He drills in deeply, all but the nitrate of soda. 

The question of using home-mixed or separate, fertilizers, or a com- 
plete fertilizer, is not easy to answer. That the latter is most expensive 
there is no question. If one is willing to study the question thoroughly 



28 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

and proceed with wisdom and energy, there is little donht but that to 
use the elements separately, or to mix tliem at home, will save much 
money and will give good results. 



IRRIGATION. 



It has already been suggested that trees should never be allowed to 
feel the need of water. Lack of proper irrigation is the cause of many 
of the failures in citrus culture. Irrigation should be deep down. If 
the grade in the orchard is slight, the run need not be so long. If 
great, it should be longer and the stream smaller. Cross furrows made 
with a subsoiler twelve or fourteen inches deep will often give excellent 
results. Zigzagging the furrows among the trees, so as to get water 
on all sides of each tree, gives the water better chance to get down to 
the roots, and is often practiced with no little satisfaction. The great 
desideratum is to give plenty of moisture to all of the roots all of the 
time. It will pay admirably to dig a ditch from just under the trees to 
the middle point between four trees at different parts of the orchard, 
and at not too long intervals of time, to note just the condition of the 
soil as to moisture and the way the roots are developing. Such practice 
will often bring great surprises to the orchardist, who vainly imagines 
that his trees are being liberally supplied with all needed moisture. 
The King soil tester is less valuable only as it fails to show root distri- 
bution. It costs about seven dollars, and is worth many times that 
amount. It enables one to investigate the subsoil six feet down from 
the surface very quickly, easily and cheaph'. 

In case of a side hill, we may follow the practice so common in 
Calabria, Italy, and in parts of Switzerland, of terracing the hill slopes, 
though it is usually more satisfactory to contour the slope as we plant 
our trees, and thus we may irrigate as easily as we can on a more level 
field. The great Arlington orchard of Riverside County, and the 
Limoneira orchard of Ventura County are examples of where this last 
method is practiced with entire satisfaction. As previously stated, the 
grade of the orchard must be made perfect before trees are planted. 

In the citrus groves, no matter what age, filling the furrows and 
cultivating the ground should be practiced just as soon after a rain 
or irrigation as it is possible to get on to the land without injuring it. 
Indeed, the ground should never be permitted to bake. The gauge to 
proper tillage with a clay soil is the entire absence of lumps or clods. 
In plowing clay soil it is the wisest plan never to leave the field until 
all the day's plowing is thoroughly harrowed, as the possible lumps 
are easily pulverized while they are yet moist. 

It remains to be said that clay soils are more retentive of moisture 
than are sandy soils, and will need less and less frequent irrigations; 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 29 

that sandy soils will be more retentive of moisture if well supplied with 
humns ; and all should remember that no thorough orchardist will wait 
until his trees show by wilt of foliaii'e tbat they are thirsty before he 
turns on the water. 



PRUNING. 



After the shaping up of the yearling orange tree little more pruning 
is called for, other than to cut out all the dead limbs or to cut back or 
off the too ambitious suckers or water sprouts ; though if the trees are 
headed low, as they should be, it will be wise to trim up from the ground 
only enough to permit cultivation of all the surface soil close up to the 
trees. This low heading protects the trees from the sun. Some of our 
most excellent orchardists prune, even the orange, more thoroughly, 
cutting out the weakest of all competing branches and letting in the 
sun, believing that they thus secure larger foliage and more fruit wood. 
With the lemon, more pruning is usually done.. It is found that more 
and better fruit is secured if the trees are cut back and the centers 
somewhat thinned. It is now the common practice of our best lemon 
growers to thin out and cut back the branches every year. These 
primings in small orchards may be cut up by the use of a hand pruner, 
though many orchardists use a cutting box, which runs by power and 
is drawn between the rows of trees, to cut these prunings into rather 
short lengths, which are then plowed under. I believe this is a very 
wise practice. Those with small holdings may combine and secure a 
power cutter to be used in common. There is one custom among almost 
all citrus fruit men that I can but believe is wholly \\T:'ong. I refer to 
the fact that the branches are permitted to hug the ground. This 
precludes cultivation close up to the trees, and if there is a growth of 
grass or weeds under the trees in early spring and on up to summer, 
this is likely to be untouched, and there is a heavy loss of M^ater by 
transpiration from this undergrowth. If the soil is not broken up, it 
is dead soil, and there is great consequent loss. I am firmly of the 
opinion that the whole soil close up to the tree should be mellowed 
deeply at each cultivation of the orchard, even though general practice 
is to the contrary, so that there may ha a splendid, dry, fine earth 
mulcJi, of at least four inches, alivays covering the entire surface of 
the ground. Some of our ablest orchardists, notably Mr. C. C. Chap- 
man of the ''Old Mission" lu'and. practice this low pruning, and are 



30 CAIJFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

not content unless all of the soil is mellowed everywhere, even up to the 
very trunk of the tree. It is only in a mellowed, aerated soil that the 
bacterial action, so necessary to root activity, can take place ; so all 
imcultivated area is waste land. He who leaves the earth under the 
tree hard and uncultivated is satisfied with the "half loaf" when a 
whole one is entirely within his reach. 



SCHEDULE OF CULTIVATION. 



The first cultivation of the calendar year will generally be when the 
cover crop is plowed under in February. If a too wet soil forbids work 
in February, then as soon thereafter as the soil is in condition to be 
worked. This early plowing promotes rapid decay, as the moist soil 
induces bacterial action, and is best done by the use of a disc plow, and 
disc harrow following right after, as any other will tear up some of the 
vetch, etc., which should be kept wholly under the surface soil. In 
ease cover crops are not grown, many prefer to plow in January. This 
is a good time to plow under bone meal, tankage or other organic 
fertilizers. The cultivation after this, until September, should be just 
sufficient to preserve the four to six-inch dry earth mulch. Cultivating 
at varying depths prevents the formation of irrigating hardpan, which 
must never be permitted to form. Early deep plowing also helps to 
prevent the formation of plow sole. Of course cultivation will follow 
irrigation as soon as the soil can be worked without injury. In Sep- 
tember the seed for the cover crop will be drilled in after the phosphates 
have been placed deep down in the soil. ThCvSe latter may be placed 
in the furrows or drilled in in case one does not plow. If necessary, 
the cover crop should be irrigated in the fall months, and if desired, 
the crop can be grown in drills far enough apart to be cultivated. 
Some excellent citrus growers are growing alfalfa in their orchards as 
an experiment, in which case no cultivation is required, and bacterial 
nitrogen is being manufactured in the soil every week of the year. In 
this case much water must be at one's command and most liberally used. 
This is better grown in alternate rows of the orchard for three years, 
then plowed under and the other rows utilized for alfalfa as before for 
the same period. This practice has not been general at all, but some, 
notably Mr. Hampton, of Corona, who have tried it have expressed 
themselves well pleased. Dr. Hopkins suggests that alfalfa be grown 
in a separate field, hauled to the orchard, and worked into the soil. 
He says it is as well to convert this into concentrated fruit products, 
like oranges and lemons, as into beef, poi'k and mutton. 



CALIF0RNL4. CITRUS CULTURE. 31 

TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS FOR CITRUS ORCHARDS. 

By one of the most experienced and successful citrus growers of California. 

Wagon. Perhaps first of all is needed a substantial wagon with 
strong bolster springs for hauling fruit and other miscellaneous pur- 
poses about the place. Most orchardists prefer low wheels for con- 
venience of handling. 

Plows. A strong 10-inch or 12-inch share plow is almost indis- 
pensable, as is also a smaller 6-inch or 8-inch plow. The old-fashioned 
mold-board plow with roller coulter and chain is considered a superior 
tool for plowing under the cover crop. When properly handled, and 
not always run at the same depth, it most effectively stirs the soil and 
buries the green manure deep below the surface. 

The disk plow throwing one or two furrows is in very common use 
for orchard plowing, and for handling a heavy growth of vegetation 
it is easily operated without the annoyance of coulter and chain. It 
is also well adapted to stony ground, though its work, even there, is 
not the equal of mold-board plowing. Either the mold-board or disk 
plow will require two, four or six horses, according to depth. Large 
horses, or better, mules, are a requisite in citrus culture. 

Whether using the mold-board or disk plow it is usually necessary 
to break out the first furrow or two next the trees — or the last furrows, 
as the case may be — with the smaller walking plow drawn by a single 
animal, or by two hitched tandem. 

Harrows. The adjustable tooth-harrow is in frequent demand for 
following the plows on cloddy soil and for dragging over the irrigated 
furrows in advance of the cultivator. 

The disk harrow is indispensable for use on ground covered with 
litter of any sort. The orchard extension-disk harrow is so designed 
that it may be operated well back under the trees when desirable, and 
at other times altered so as to cut no more than five feet wide. When 
extended one group of disks works under the tree while the other group 
works out in the center of the space, leaving six feet between them to be 
worked with another disk or to be disked later when the extension rods 
have been removed and the two groups of disks set close together. 

Cultivator. The cultivator must be strong enough to cultivate 
freely to a depth of ten inches when desired, and it must be so con- 
structed that it may be operated at varying depths and forced to those 
depths by its full weight and the proper type of shovels or chisel teeth. 

Hinged extensions on the ends of the cultivator beam are often used 
for cultivation under low-hanging and wide-spreading trees. 



32 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

Marker or Furrower. The marker, for making the irrigation fur- 
rows, is not unlike the cultivator in strength and design, except that 
it carries on its beam only two, or three, sometimes four or five, stout 
broad shovels, depending on the number of furrows desired. It is a 
common practice among smaller growers to alter the cultivator each time 
marking out is necessary by the mere substitution of shovels for the 
teeth, reversing the operation again before cultivation is necessary. 
Thus one tool serves a double purpose. 

The marker may be extended in the same way as the cultivator. 

Subsoiler. (Fig. 15). This is a most important tool in the citrus 
orchard, and yet it is probably the tool that has been used least of all. 
Cross subsoiling to a depth of from sixteen to eighteen inches at right 
angles to the irrigation furrows and midway between the trees greatly 
facilitates deep irrigation and improves the aeration of all of the soil. 




l'"ii:. ] r..-- Siilisiiiler at work in an orchard. (After Lelong.) 

An occasional subsoiling, say every third year, of the entire cultivated 
area at intervals of two feet and in two directions to a depth four 
inches below the deepest plowed and cultivated depth will break up 
plow sole or irrigation hardpan and supply the much needed air that 
is too often shut out from the roots. 

Drills. The seeding of cover-crops is usually done Avith the drill. 
The "disk" drill instead of the "hoe" drill has many advantages 
where trashy ground may be encountered. 

Commercial fei-tilizer is usually drilled into the soil and to as great 
a depth as possible. A tendency to believe in applying a part of the 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 33 

fertilizer underneatli the spread of the branches or as close to them as 
possible has called for a low, squat drill with seeding box extending 
out at either end beyond the wheels. This is well exemplified in some 
of the later models of orchard drills now on the market. 

Efforts to put on the market a satisfactory combined seeder and 
fertilizer drill that will handle all kinds of both materials in the proper 
quantities per acre have not as yet been altogether a success. Such a 
drill is greatly needed for the smaller orchardist. He who has but a 
few acres may more profitably hire his seeding done, or rent a drill, or 
perhaps own a small interest with others in a community drill, because 
the tool is used so very seldom during the year. The same applies to 
the fertilizing. 

Spraying Outfit. In most localities the spraying of citrus trees at 
one or another season of the year is a coinmercial necessity. Small 
orchardists usually find it cheaper to buy and mix their own materials 
and hire the owner of a machine to come and do the spraying. In the 
larger grove the power spray outfit, with gas engine, force pump and 
200-gallon to 250-gallon tank with agitator, is now a part of the regular 
equipment. Very satisfactory work is being done with the barrel spray 
pump in some small orchards. This requires one man to operate the 
hand pump while another handles the nozzle. 

Miscellaneous Tools. Other tools might be mentioned, such as the 
one-horse cultivator and one-horse marker often used in young orchards, 
the ''cyclone" and "straight knife" for cutting weeds, the spring-tooth 
harrow, the reversible disk and share plows for hillside and special 
needs, the brush cutter for chopping up the prunings to be thrown into 
the orchard for mulch, the manure spreader, tank wagon, fumigation 
cart, scrapers and drag-floats for leveling and grading the land, long 
handled and hand pruning shears, curved saw, grafting wax or, if pre- 
ferred, thin putty, clippers with curved points. King's soil tester, 
ladders and other picking equipment, pruning tools, and the many 
smaller hand tools. But these are either such common ordinary tods 
that each riian is in a position to enumerate his own needs and select 
the best obtainable in his community, or they are tools that may be 
dispensed with altogether except under such conditions as confront the 
larger orchardist or the orchardist whose needs are exceptional. 

Single-trees and Double-trees. At all times and in all places in the 
orchard the .shortest possible double-trees and single-trees should be 
used, as at best they are a great menace to smooth and low-hanging 
branches. Leather protections, or guards, over the clips are wise 
precautions. 



34 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



PICKING. 



There are three things which must be carefully observed in picking 
citrus fruit. First in importance is careful handling. This applies to 
all kinds of citrus fruit. They must not suffer the least bruise, as any 
wound forms a seed bed for the ever present blue mold spores, which 
are terribly fatal to successful shipping; no clipper-cut wound; no 
thorn-puncture, no bruise from rough handling. The uninjured skin 
of an orange or lemon is resistant to the common process of decay. 
Mr. C. C. Chapman called attention to this in his admirable lecture at 
the Long Beach Seaside Institute about 1904. But until Dr. G. Harold 
Powell demonstrated the importance of this care thousands of dollars 
were lost, where there is now hardly any loss. 

Again, care as to the size is also important. Picking with a ring 
makes this sure and easy. The orange box, which is 11^ by 11^ by 24 
inches, will hold as follows : 



Number in box 


Diameter in 
inches 


Size of 
wrapping paper 


80 


3f inches 
3; inches 
3^— inches 
3^ inches 
3g inches 
3 inches 
2| inches 
2§ inches 
2§ inches 
2* inches 
2% inches 
2J inches 


12 by 12 


Ofi 


12bvl2 


100 


12 by 12 


112 


11 bv 11 


lOQ 


11 by 11 


1.50 


11 by 11 


17G 


10 by 10 


200 


10 by 10 


91(3 


9 by 9 


2^0 


9 by 9 


299 


8 by 8 


324 


8 by 8 







The lemon box, 


which is lOf by 13| by 25, 


wi 


11 hold as follows : 


Number in box 


Diameter in 
inches 


Size of 
wrapping paper 


210 


2% inches 
2§ inches 
21 inches 
2h inches 
2i inches 
2J inches 
2-\- inches 
2 inches 


10 by 10 


'>40 - - 


9 by 9 


270 


9 by 9 


300 


8 by 8 


3G0 


8 by 8 


420 


8 by 8 


442 


7 by 7 


490 


7 by 7 







CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



35 







^6 J 



^^F' 




oao 




L. 



oao 



DHOOOD 




/ao s 




//Zs 



uoo 

OCXX) 


ooo 



Fig. 16. — Orange packs. 



36 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 








Z/^./ 
^^3/ ^ 

^^^^y 





Fig. 17. — Orange packs. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



37 



Z/6 S 
3X3 "(^ 




4x3-^ 









Fig. is — Orange packs. 



38 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



3Gs 

zxz-s 

3 /ac/erj- 




^8J 
Zxz--^ 




6^s 
zxz-^ 








Fig. 19 — Grapffruit paok.s. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



39 



ZIOJ 










Fig. 2 0. — Lemon packs. 



40 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



3^0 s 



OoOqOo 
OnOoOo 



HoXo^o 



3x3-/0 




4x3-9 




4f^y 

/■4f7 




Fig. 21. — Lemon packs. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 41 

A box of oranges will hold from eighty to three hundred and sixty, 
according to size. The weight will vary with variety, but will average 
about sixty-six pounds of fruit; the total weight averaging about sev- 
enty-five pounds. In case of oranges and pomelos, they are not picked 
until ripe, or should not be, while lemons are better picked green, 
especially if a desirable size is attained. Lemons picked green and cured 
in the packing-house will ship better and are the only ones suitable for 
long shipment. All lemons, except those that ripen on the trees before 
reaching the desired size, are cured in the packing-house. Oranges and 
pomelos are usually kept only two or three days until the skin softens 
by evaporation, when they are more easily packed. Pomelos are some- 
times held successfully for weeks before shipment. The lemons must 
color and this takes time. This curing improves the appearance, thick- 
ness and texture of the lemon peel, giving it a soft kid-glove finish. 
Lemons are sometimes kept in the packing-house for ten weeks before 
they are sufficiently cured. It is possible to hold them much longer 
than this if market conditions require it. 

The fruit should always be picked by use of curved-pointed clippers 
and the picking sack, which can be carried and emptied without bruising 
the fruit, and should be drawn to the packing-house on cars or wagons 
with good springs. The rule to be observed, ever and always, "handle 
all citrus fruits as though they were eggs." 



42 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

THE PACKING -HOUSE. 



The packing-house of to-day is a masterpiece of study and skill, and 
is the result of much thought and experience. The precooling, automatic 
handling, and easy, gentle working are a surprise to one a stranger to 
such perfection. A description of the model packing-house of to-day 
would take much time and space. The only way to become informed 
is to visit a model house. The lemon house of the Limoneira Company 
at Santa Paula, where the Teague tents permit easy and ready ventila- 
tion, and cheap, admirable curing, represents one type ; while the other 
type with its refrigerator room is well shown in the model house at 
Pomona. Both types should be visited and thoroughly studied by those 
contemplating building a packing-house. 

A lemon must be perfectly clean and bright, and so must be washed. 
The washer must do its work very gently. We must remember that none 
but the best is good enough. So much of intelligence is now devoted to 
citrus culture that he who would succeed must be mindful of every 
slightest detail. To-day picking gangs under an expert manager are 
working so carefully and well that deca}' is greatly reduced. Soon all 
citrus fruit will be picked by skilled pickers. The wrapping and pack- 
ing is now a work of art, and this is well, as a neat pack will enhance 
the selling price beyond belief. 



GRADING. 

Grading is a matter of great imjiortance. The grading for quality 
is done hy hand, the sizing is done by machinery. Lemons are usually 
sized by hand. The ' ' fancy brand" must be bright, smooth and perfect. 
' ■ Choice ' ' must be bright, but the skin may be a little rough and thick. 
"Standards" are less perfect in appearance, but are merchantable. 
"Culls" take all unmerchantable fruit. These may be plowed under 
as a source of humus. Oranges before the sugar is developed or when 
frosted should never be shipped at all. Such fruit is very likely to be 
sold at a loss, and is very prejudicial to the interests of the industry 
as a whole. Mr. C. C. Chapman said at the Long Beach Seaside Insti- 
tute in 1904 that his brand, "Old Mission," was worth as much as the 
fruit itself. It should be the aim and determination of our citrus 
growers to establish a brand that would be famed the country over. 



California citrus culture. 



43 



PLANT DISEASES. 



Plant diseas(^s nuiy l)e considered under three heads : Physiological, 
or plant sickness, fungous and insect attack. There are several ailments 
that are wholly physiological. The plants or trees are .sick. The most 
common of these is chlorosis. 

Chlorosis, Yellow Leaf, Variegated Leaf or Mottled Leaf. 

This peculiar color is doubtless simply symptomatic. As pallor in 
man, so chlorosis in plants, denotes disease — something is wrong. As in 





Fig. 22. — Die-back on orange: A, showing gum pockets; B, cross-section of a Valencia, 
showing gum at core; C, twig sliowing multiple buds and' dead tips. (After Essig. ) 

case of all physiological troubles the thing to do is to search for the 
cause of the ill, and then apply the suggested remedy. In clay soils 
with poor drainage the earth may be water logged, in which aeration 
is impossible, and we have a dead soil. This last condition follows from 
a hard, cemented soil, consequent upon imperfect cultivation. Artificial 
or natural hardpan will also produce the same condition. Again the 
plants may be thirsty and suffer from lack of moisture. The soil may 
be impoverished and the plant cry out for food. Probably the great 
cause is "malnutrition," including both food and air. The artificial 
hardpan referred to is a cemented soil, just l>elow the plane of deepest 



44 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

cultivation, usually eousequent upon the cementing lime carbonate in 
the water used in irrigntion. Cultivating at different depths will tend 
to break this up and relieve the trees. Dynamite will break up the 
deep or natural hardpan. The trio of remedies for physiological ills 
is right irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. 

Exanthema— Florida Die-Back. 

(Fig. 22.) 

This disease is not well understood. The ends of the branches die; 
frecjuently tufts of small twigs develop from supernumerary l)uds ; the 
bark roughens and shows lines of broAvn excrescence ; gum pockets form 
near the attachment of the leaves ; the fruit is imperfect and often pale 
yellow and insipid, and gum forms in the fruit close atout the core; 
dark green leaves appear, which, though they would seem to indicate 
health, are really the result of the disease. It is claimed that gravelly 
soils wath coarse gravel for subsoils, or soils underlaid with hardpan 
promote this disease, as do large applications of stable fertilizer on such 
soils, especially if the trees have previously lacked plant food. As 
above advised, good care and removing the cause when possible is the 
only known cure. 

Gummosis— Gum Disease. 

Mr. H. S. Fawcett has shown that gum disease is often fungoid. The 
gum is an incident. Fungoid attack of the bark is the real disease. It 
affects all kinds of citrus trees, but lemons suffer most. Gum exudes at 
various places, but in case of lemons, most at the crown near or at the 
place where the bud was inserted. Injuries, improper irrigation and 
earth compacted about the spot where the bud was inserted are enough 
to cause the disease. It is best to have the bud above the earth and 
avoid running water about the crown. 

IMr. Fawcett has produced gum disease of the lemon by inoculations 
Avith the decajdng bark; also from cultures. He finds two distinct 
forms, both produced by common molds of the packing-house. In one, 
the brown rot fungus {Pythiacystis citrophthora), the decay of the 
inner and outer bark is almost coincident, and the diseased bark remains 
hard, while in the other, gray fungus (Botrytis vulgaris), the outer 
bark decays before the inner, and all becomes soft. The cure for both 
is Bordeaux paste. (See Monthly Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 8, page 601, 
August, 1913.) 

Psorosus— Scaly Bark. 

(Fig. 23.) 

This trouble, not found in the lemon, is described in its name. The 
cause may be improper aeration or irrigation. When serious it is often 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



45 



fatal. When only small areas or branches are attacked, by cutting 
out and painting with wax a cure may be effected. This, like gummosis, 
is not contagious, though its nature and cause are not fully known. 
This and mal di gomma described below may prove to be fungoid. 




Fig. 23. 



-California scaly bark or psorosis on 
orange. (After Pawcett.) 



Mal di Gomma— Foot Rot. 

This is only met on water-logged, clay soils, and is often fatal if not 
speedily treated. There is decay of the roots from the origin down, 



46 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

which is serious. Removinii' the earth from the main roots, (^^tting out 
the diseased portion and disinfecting will usually effect a cure. Mr. 
R. P. Cundiff, of Riverside, California, claims to have used large 
duantities of gypsum, 50 per cent pure, working it into the earth about 
the trees with apparently excellent results. 

Splitting. 

Here again the name tells the story. Oranges alone are attacked — 
the oranges split. It is probably caused by spasms of growth caused 
by irregularities in culture, irrigation or seasons. Navels, especially, 
suffer. As we should expect, it is much more common some years than 
others. We can do something, I think, by regularity and punctuality 
in our care. Of course we can not control the seasoms. 

Puffing. 

This is described by the name. The rind of the orange bulges out in 
sections, is often very rough, and is easily injured in handling. I have 
seen it very pronounced in case of trees pushed to extremes, by excessive 
fertilization. The orange loses its flavor and is likely to become worth- 
less. Soil and season seem to influence in this aft'ection, and, as we 
should expect, it is more serious some years than others. Improper 
irrigation may be provocative of this disease. 

Peteca. 

In this disease, which is usually seen only in the packing-house on 
lemons, there is a pitting of the surface of the fruit. It is injurious 
only in marring the appearance of the lemon. The cause is obscure. 

Brown Spot. 

This is a serious affection, more frequent in the navel orange, which 
marks the rind of the finest fruit, and appears only after the fruit is 
picked for some days. Often there is no disc^oloration until the fruit 
is shipped. It is early picked fruit that shows the spot. The cause of 
this spotting is not certainly discovered. It would seem that some 
injury to the epidermis of the fruit may be the seat of the trouble. 
Brown spot is much less common near the coast. I first had samples 
from San Fernando, then San Dimas, then Redlands, where that first 
season it injured fifty per cent of the early picked fruit. 

Fungi, Molds, Etc. 

Our citrus trees ol'tcii suffer sevei'cly from the attacks of fungi. 
These very simple organisms are among the lowest of plants. They 
develop no chlorophyll, do not take oxygen, but depend upon other 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 47 

organisnivS for their support. If the supporting organism is dead, we 
call them saprophj^tes, in which case they do no harm. If living, then 
they are parasites, and may work us great harm. They often produce 
myriads of spores, very small seed-like bodies by which they reproduce. 
JMany put forth minute, thread-like growths, called hyphje, or the tangle, 
mycelium. These threads which form the common mold, push into the 
living tissue and sap from it its substance, or, to state it otherwise, feed 
upon it. The larger and more highly developed are familiar to us in 
the toadstools and mushrooms, others in the rusts, molds and mildews. 

Blue Mold (Penicillium italicum) and Green Mold (P. dig-itatum). 

We are all fainiliar with these molds. The myriad spores give the 
color, blue or green. They are the common cause of rot in all citrus 
fruits, and are not unconnnon in many other fruits. They attack 
almost exclusively injured fruit. This formerly was the cause of 
millions of dollars loss to citrus growers. The masterly researches of 
Mr. G. Harold Powell, expert of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture, demonstrated the cause and remedy for this common rot, so 
that now the loss from this cause is much lessened. Clipping and 
handling the fruit so carefully as to produce no injury is a great pre- 
ventive, and precooling or cooling it off in the cars by icing so that no 
spores can germinate, has decreased the decay very greatly. The motto 
of every citrus grower should be, "Handle all fruit as though it were 
eggs," and never bruise or wound in the least degree. Yet it remains 
to be said that some fruit, fruit from certain localities and fruit from 
orchards heavily manured, fails to stand up. There doubtless is sus- 
ceptible fruit. It may he physiologically weak. The attack is also 
increased apparently by a continued moist atmosphere. 

Brown Rot (Pythiacystis citrophthora) . 

This is a very serious enemy of citrus fruits. The brownish color is 
very characteristic. It is observed on the fruit, the leaves and lower 
branches of the tree, in the packing-house and in the packed boxes. It 
spreads rapidly from fruit to fruit, wherever they touch in boxes or 
elsewhere. There is a characteristic odor of decomposing oil. It is 
most common on lemons. The fungus grows and fruits in the soil and 
in washing the fruit in the packing-house the spores that have blown 
on the lemons in the grove collect in myriads in the water and play 
havoc with the fruit, by being carried to every lemon. Professor Ralph 
E. Smith and H. J. Ramsey, of the University of California (Whittier 
Experiment Station), in suggesting bluestone (copper sulphate) as a 
cure, and in working out methods of sanitary treatment in the packing- 
house, conferred a rare service to the industry and to the State. Blue- 
stone is placed in the washing water in the packing-house. Straw 



48 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

placed under the trees, and to a lesser degree a cover crop, lie^ps to keep 
the spores from reaching the fruit. The usual strength of the bluestone 
water for brown rot is one and one half pounds to one thousand gallons. 
This fungus, as we have seen, causes one kind of gum disease of 
lemon, see page 44. 

Cottony Mold or White Rot (Sclerotinia libertiana). 

This is much like the bro\^ai rot, except that it coats the fruit with 
white. It attacks and often kills the twigs a foot or two from the end. 
In this mold develop black bodies (sclerotia), another stage in the 
growth of the fungus. This fungus also develops in the soil, and is 
more likely to attack lemons that are bruised. It is thought that cover 
crops, especially vetch, which is also a host plant, favors this fungus. 
Bluestone will aid in its control, but it must be stronger than for brown 
rot. Professor Smith suggests that it may not be safe to use it strong 
enough to be effective on account of injury to the fruit, in which case 
the remedy must be to destroy it in the field. This fungus has been 
found recently attacking the orange roots of full grown lemon trees, 
entirely killing the trees in many instances, at the same time causing 
more or less gummosis. 

Gray Mold (Botrytis vulgaris). 

This is the dark colored decay of lemons in which a gray fungus 
develops. The fungus in the packing-house is not usually very serious, 
but as we have seen, it is a cause of gum disease. (See Monthly Bulle- 
tin, Vol. 2, No. 8, page 601, August, 1913.) 

Wither-tip (CoUetotrichum gioeosporioides). 

This fungus kills the twigs at their ends, spots the fruit and leaves, 
and fells the latter to the ground. Mr. C. C. Teague says that this pest 
has cost the Limoneira lemon grove more than all injurious insects 
combined. I saw the plague in Mr. N. W. Blanchard's orange orchard 
so bad that the foliage looked as if it had been blighted by fire. This 
disease is becoming more and more common in many orchards, and many 
are now fighting it with no little success. It seems to be erratic, depend- 
ing on seasons. Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur spray are the 
specifies to use in its control. Care must be taken in the use of the 
Bordeaux or injury may result. This is the more true if fumigation 
follows soon after the spraying. 

Damping Off (Rhizoctonia and Fusarium). 

Two fungi seem to be responsible for damping off. The first named 
fungus attacks the young seedlings at or just above the ground, causing 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 49 

a decay of the crown or stem, while the second may produce dead spots 
at any point. Improper soil (it should be sand, at least on top), over- 
irrigation and insufficient drainage are favorable to this disease. 




Fig. 24. — Navel or black rot, Alternaria citri, infecting 
the navel end. (After Amundsen.) 

Navel Rot (Alternaria citri). 

(Fig. 24.) 

This rot attacks only .the navel orange. It is not a true parasite, and 
attacks the navel end only when it is injured in growth. It is thought 
that moisture in the navel cavity may favor the disease, as autumn rains 
seem to increase the affection. The navel is the finest winter variety 
for all around use, and its seedlessness adds to its excellence. This rot 
is cne of its few drawbacks, but it is only occasionally that it becomes 
of serious importance. 

Root Rot (Oak-root Fungus, Armillaria mellea). 

(Fig. 25.) 

Where orange trees and many others replace oak trees in the foothills 
and valleys a toadstool -fungus, which previously infested the roots of 
the oak, may attack and greatly injure the trees. It is common in 
California, and often serious. Mr. Earl Morris, county horticultural 
commissioner of Santa Clara County, regards it as the most serious 
pest in the orchards of his county at the present time. It spreads to 
other trees from the center of infection. Professor Smith suggests that 
in case this disease is troublesome other and more resistant trees, like 
walnuts or cherries, be grown in their stead. I have seen one case of 
4 — cc 



50 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




a serious attack on the walnut. Professor Home finds pears and figs 
especially resistant to this disease. 

All interested in citrus culture should possess Bulletin 218, Experi- 
ment Station, University of California, by Professor Ralph E. Smith 
and Elizabeth H. Smith. For one who wishes to study more deeply into 
this intricate subject of fungi, etc., Duggar's Fungous Diseases of 
Plants will prove admirable. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



51 



INJURIOUS CITRUS INSECTS. 



Insects are not so minute and obscure as are funpi, and their pestif- 
erous work is much better understood. However, their ravag-es are often 
alarming. It is stated that by very conservative estimate the amount 
expended annually in California in insect control reaches the startling 




Fig. 26. — Adult females and egg masses of the citrus mealy bu^ 
{Pseudococcus citri) on orange. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. ) 



sum of one million dollars. Tlie damage wrought by their attack doubt- 
less far exceeds the million dollar mark. The United States government 
estimates the damage by the pear thrips alone in California for the 
last seven years at seven million dollars. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




Pig. 27. — Cottony cusliion scale 
ilcerya nurchasi Mask.) on 
orange twig. (Cal. Hort. Com.) 



Fig. 2S. — Soft brown scale (Coccus 
hesperidwn Linn.) on orange 
twig. (Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent.) 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



53 




Fig. 2 9. — Full grown specimens of black scale, Saissetia olew (Bern.), 
at base of nightshade plant. Many of these were under the surface of 
the soil. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.) 



54 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




Fio. 30. — Aspidiotus hederw (Vail.) on lemon a.nd i 
such cases known as the lemon peel scale. (Essig 
P. C. Jr. Ent.) 



Fig. 



-Red scale, Chrps" 
on orange. (Essit 



1'. o. 



s aurantii (Mask.), 
Jr. Ent.) 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



55 






^:^^f:-^ 







Fig. 32. — Yellow or citrus scale, Chrysomphalus ciirinus (Coq. ), on 
orange leaf. (After Essig. ) 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



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CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



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58 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




-Purple scale. Leuidosunhes beckii fNewin. ), 
1 leaf. (Essig, Bull. 2, C. Pom. CI.) 




Fig. 34. — Adult citrus white ll.v 
( A leyrodes citri R. & H. ) . En- 
larged fiftee 1 times. After 
Quayle. Couitesy California 
Experiment Station. ) 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



59 




Fig. 35. — Larvae and pupse of the citrus white Hy. {Aleiirodes 
citri R. & H.) on the under side of an orange leaf. Enlargfd 
three times. (After Essig. ) 



60 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTIlti:. 



PREDACEOUS INSECTS PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS. 



Pest preyed upon 



LACEWINGS. 

lirowii lacewing- (Si/iiipJicrdhiii.s (hkjiih- 

titu Bks.) 
Green lacfvving {Chnifiopa (■iilifoniird 

Coq.) 
Tfctncrohiiis pncificus Bks _ 

LADYBIRD BEETLES. 

/lippodaniid ( oiirfrr/cii'^ Oner 

Two-stabbed ladybird bemle (Chiloco- 

rus iivulnerus Muls.) 
Sleel-bliie ladybird (Oiciis (■]i(iI:/hciiN 

Boisd.) 

A.rion plaf/iotii-^ Oliv 

Axion pilatil Mnls. 

E:fochomiis californieiis Casey 

Vryptogonus orbiculus Schon 

f'ryptohnniis moniroiizieri Muls 

Hyperaspis lateralis Muls 

*S'c// */(////*• sardidns Horn 

><(!/minis gittfiilatus Lee 

Scj/'miiiis iichulosus Lee 

)S'c///n«HS MarginicolUs Manu 

l^tetJtorus vagans Blackb 

Vedalia {Novius cardinalis Muls.) 

Novius kfrhrlei, Olliff 

Black ladybird {Rhizohiiis vcntralis 
Er.) 

SYRPHID FLIES. 

Large syrphid (Lnsioplifliiciis pyrnsiyi 

Linn. ) 
American syrphid {Ryrplnia aiiicricnna 

Wied.) 
Small syrphid (Allograpta ohliqua Say) 



M(\-ily bigs, mites. 

Mealy bugs, jilant lice, mites. 

Mites. 



Plant lice, young scale insects. 
Scale insects. 

Scale insects. 

Scale insects. 

Scale insects. 

Scale insects, plant lice. 

Mealy bugs. 

Mealy bugs. 

Mealy "bugs and other scale insects. 

Plant lic<', nieal.^' brgs, young armored 

scales. 
INIealy bugs. 
Mealy bugs, plant lice. 
Scale insects and plant lice. 
Mites. 

Cottony cushion scale. 
Cottony cushion scale. 
Black scale, mealy bugs. 



Plant lice. 
I'lant lice. 
Plant lice. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



61 





Fin. 36. — Adult female of Crvptohnnus Fig. 37. — The two-stabbed ladybird 
montrouzicri Muls. (Essig, P. C. Jr. beetle, Chilocorus bivulnerus MuLs. 

Bnt.) 




'ii:. 3N. — Tlie vedalia, Novius cdrdiidlis 
Muls. 




Fig. 39. — The green lacewing (Chrysopa calif ornica Coq.). A, larva; B, eggs on the 
slender stalks; C, cocoon opened; D, cocoon closed; E and F, adult females. (Essig, 
p. C. Jr. Ent) 



62 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




Fio. 40. — Soft brown scale (Cnccus hpsi)eri(lvii\ 
Linn.), sliowing exit holes of true parasites. (After 
Quayle. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.) 




Fig. 41. — Mumniii'il l.i.li.^ ..r ii,- riims niiliid rr,,j,,ntir<i niiriiiiiiu Koch), showing 
exit holes of till' intt'iiial jtai-isites. (lOssig, P. O. .Ir. Ent.) 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



63 



INTERNAL PARASITES PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS. 



Parasite 


Pest preyed upon 


HYMENOPTEROUS. 




Aphidiiis tcstaccipes (Cress.) 


Citrus aphids. 




Black citrus louse. 


Comys fusca How 


Frosted scale. 


Encyrtus flavus How 


Soft brown scale. 


iscutcllista cyanen Motscli 


Black and heniis])lierical scales. 


Vhrysoplatyrerus spleiideiis How 


Mealy bug-. 


Chciloncurufi dactylopii How 


Mealy brg. 


Tomoccra raUfornica How 


Black scale. 


Aphyriis fliiriisi How 


Soft brown scale. 


Aphyrii.'i iiiniiaculatiis How 


Red scale. 


Aspidiotiphayiis cifriinis Craw 


Red, yellow, purple scales. 


ProspaltcUa atirantii How 


Yellow and purple scales. 


^iciniphora occidental:)^ How 


Yellow scale. 


Aphcliinis diaspidin How 


Red scale. 


f'occopharjiis lunulatns How 


Red scale. 


CoccopJioi/iiK Ircnnii (Fitch) 


Soft brown scale. 


Eupclmiis mirohilifi (Walsh) 


Eggs of katydid. 


DIPTEROUS. 




Cryptochatum iccn/ir Will. 


Cottony cushion scale. 


Leucopis hclln Ijoew 


Mealy bugs. 




Fi.5. 42. — The purple scale parasite, Aspidiotiiihrifjns 
citrinus Craw. (After Howard.) 



64 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




Fig. 43. — Aspidiotiphagus cAtrinus Craw. 1, egg ; 
2, larva; 3, larva within tlie body of a yellow scale; 
4, pupa. Greatly enlarged. (After Quayle. 
Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta. ) 




-timteUista cyanea Motsch. 
Howard. ) 



(After 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 65 

SPRAYS. 

For many years spraying was the only known method for the control 
of citrus pests, but the discovery of fumigation and the use of hydro- 
cyanic gases has practically eliminated commercial spraying in the 
citrus orchards for injurious insects. Fungus diseases, however, are 
still to be controlled by spraying, including such fungicides as Bordeaux 
mixture and lime-sulphur. 

Plant lice are controlled entirely b}^ the use of contact sprays, chief 
of which are carbolic acid emulsion and tobacco decoction. 

In a number of instances it has been found practical to control certain 
scale insects by the use of sprays. Young seed bed stock is usually 
dipped in resin wash or sprayed with an oil emulsion to kill young 
scale. It has been found that the carbolic acid emulsion is a cheap and 
ready means of controlling the citrus mealy bug. 

Only the most important spray formulae are given in this work : 

Bordeaux Mixture. 

Unslaked lime 4 pounds 

Copper sulphate (bluestoue) 4 pounds 

Water 50 gallons 

The task of mixing these chemicals, where large quantities of the 
spray is used, is no small thing in itself. A great deal of study has 
been given to the construction of suitable mixing apparatus. 

The first consideration is to get the materials high enough on a plat- 
form so that they can be easily and rapidly placed in the spraying 
tanks of the power machines. This is done by constructing at convenient 
places in the orchard, platforms large enough to hold a large box for 
slaking lime, a lime solution agitator, and a vat for dissolving bluestone. 
Such a platform is about 12 feet square and 4| feet high. A large 
standpipe for filling the tanks is desirable, or the water must be pumped 
into the tank while the solutions are being added. 

The lime is first slaked in a common vat for that purpose. It is 
necessary to keep the slaked lime agitated properly when it is being- 
drawn off to mix with the bluestone in the spraying tank. 

The bluestone vat contains slats, across the entire box or simply 
across one end. These slats must be low enough so that the bluestone, 
which is placed upon them in sacks, will be completely immersed in the 
water. This method admits quick dissolving of the bluestone, much 
more rapidly than if simply poured into the tank and stirred. 

The lime and bluestone are mixed with a given amount of water so 
that the proper quantities of the resultant solutions can be measured 
.so as to give the mixture the strength of the above formula. 
5 — cc 



66 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



The sieve used should be made of brass wire and contain twenty 
meshes to the inch. 

This spray is used on such fungus diseases as wither-tip, brown rot, 
etc. 




Fig. 46. — An excellent type of a power sprayer costing $350.00. (Courtesy 
Bean Spray Pump Co.) 

Bordeaux Paste. 

1 pound of bluestone (copper sulphate) dissolved in one gallon of water in a 
wooden or earthen vessel. This can best be done by hanging it in a sack 
in the top of the water. 

2 pounds of unslaked lime, slaked in about one half gallon of water. Some 
variation from these proportions may be made without greatly changing 
the value of the paste. 

Stir together when cool, making a light blue mixture about the con- 
sistency of whitewash. If the mixture turns to some other color before 
being applied, it is an indication that something is wrong. Mix up 
fresh each day or two, as the mixed paste tends to deteriorate with age. 
It may be applied with a large brush as whitewash. A wash made of 
equal parts of lime and sulphur (self -boiled) is also being tried out. 
This may prove equally as good. 

This paste is applied to the trunks of lemon trees which are affected 
with gum disease. 

Commercial Tobacco Extracts. 

The extract containing two and three quarters per cent nicotine 
should be diluted to sixty parts of water. The extract containing forty 
per cent nicotine should be diluted from one to one thousand parts or 
one to fifteen hundred parts of water. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 67 

Commercial Lime-Sulphur. 

The commercial spray is a perfectly clear liquid, easy to handle and 
needing only to be properly diluted for use. It is usually sold in barrel 
lots. There are two common brands upon the market in California, 
sold under the trade names, ''Rex" and "Ortho," though there are 
other sprays equally as good manufactured elsewhere. 

For red spider on citrus trees this spray is applied as a two or three 
per cent solution. 

Carbolic Acid Emulsion. 

Whale oil soap 40 pounds 

Crude carbolic acid 5 gallons 

Water to mix 40 gallons 

Dissolve the soap in hot water (the soap must be entirely dissolved) ; 
add the carbolic acid and heat to the boiling point for twenty minutes 
(reserve some water to add in case the mixture begins to boil over). 
For use add twenty gallons of water to every gallon of the above stock 
solution. The emulsion needs little or no agitation. 

This spray is especially recommended for mealy bugs, but is also 
suitable for plant lice and soft brown scale. It is also a good contact 
insecticide for ants. 

Resin Wash. 

Though not a true emulsion and fast losing prominence as a spray, 
this wash is included here because of its value as a spray and dip for 
plants with tender foliage. 

Resin 10 pounds 

Caustic soda (76 per cent) 3 pounds 

Fish oil 1^ pounds 

Water 50 gallons 

Put oil, resin and a gallon of water in an iron kettle and heat until 
the resin is softened; add the lye (dissolved in a small amount of water) 
and stir thoroughly, after which add enough water to make fifty gallons 
of spraying material. 

This wash is only effective for young scale insects, plant lice, or other 
soft-bodied insects. 

Lead Arsenate. 

No. 1. Commercially prepared. 

Lead arsenate (paste) 6 to 8 pounds 

Water 100 gallons 

No. 2. 

Arsenate of lead (powder) 2 to 8 pounds 

Water 100 gallons 

Preparation — Simply dissolve the paste or powder in the required 
amount of water or in a small amount and add the remainder for use.. 
A poison spray for leaf-eating insects. 



68 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



DUSTS. 



A number of valuable insecticides are applied dry, as dusts. They 
are easy to mix and handle, and are often of great service to the farmer 
and orchardist, especially in controlling red spiders or mites on citrus 
trees. 

Flowers of Sulphur. 

For a number of years flowers of sulphur was used alone as a remedy 
for mites on citrus trees. It was distributed over the trees by hand or 
with a blower in the early morning when the foliage was damp, thus 
enabling it to adhere. The warm sunshine oxidizes the sulphur, the 
liberated sulphur-dioxide being the killing factor. Accordingly, sulphur 
is of little avail in the cool summer weather of the coast counties or 
during the winter months anywhere. However, in the warm interior 
districts this is still a very effective remedy for mites. 




Fig. 45. — A power blower for applying dust sprays In 
orchards. About forty acres can be treated in one day 
with such a machine. It costs $115.00. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 69 

Lime and Sulphur. 

Even better than sulphur alone is hydratecl lime and flowers of 
sulphur mixed in equal parts and blown upon the trees with a power 
machine, as is shown in Fig. 45. In the citrus orchards this is a very 
important method of controlling the citrus red spider {Tetranychus 
mytilaspidis) and the six-spotted or yellow mite {Tetranychus bimacu- 
latus). 



TANGLEFOOT BANDS. 



To prevent insects from crawling up the trunks of trees and plants 
sticky bands have been devised which have proven exceedingly success- 
ful in many instances. 

Tree tanglefoot is a thick, sticky substance which, when applied as a 
band, remains moist for several weeks and is a very effective barrier 
against cankerworms, caterpillars, cutworms, Fuller's rose beetle and 
other crawling insects. 

The material is put up in cans. It should be applied directly to the 
trunk of the tree several feet above the ground. 



* FUMIGATION. 



Fumigation consists in the generation and uses of gases to kill destruc- 
tive insect pests. Formerly such practices were limited to the uses of 
carbon bisulfid, sulphur dioxid and tobacco fumes. The use of hydro- 
cyanic acid gas in citrus orchards has lately been so perfected as to 
become of very great importance, and has opened up a remarkable field 
in the control of orchard pests. 

HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS. 
Hydrocyanic acid gas is generated by the addition of diluted sul- 
phuric acid to sodium or potassium cyanide. The generation is made 
in an earthenware jar, the gas being confined in a fumigation house, 
or, if the work is being done in the orchard, in a tent thrown over the 
tree. For many years the methods of fumigation depended entirely 
upon each fumigator, there being no uniform or common procedure. 
The results of this early work so clearly showed the need of systematism 



♦From "Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California," The Monthly Bulletin of 
the State Commission of Horticulture, Vol. II, Nos. 1 and 2, 1913. 



70 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



that the United States Department of Agriculture set experte to work 
out a reliable and uniform system of procedure. Dr. A. "W. Morrill 
inaugurated our present system of marked tents and a system of dosage, 
which is known as ''The Morrill System." This work was done in 
Florida. Later Mr. R. S. Woglum began operations in California and 
greatly perfected this system so as to make it at once practical and 
available to all the orchardists. 

TENTS. 
Shape. In order to conform as near as practicable to the form of 
a tree, fumigation tents are made in the shape of an octagon (8-sided) 




Fig. 47. — Showing shape and method of marking tent. (U. S. Dept. Agrcl. ) 

(Fig. 47). If the tents were square the corners would be a constant 
and unnecessary annoyance. 

For small trees bell tents were formerly made by cutting the tents 
circular and sewing a strong hoop around the bottom. Such tents are 
seldom if ever used at the present time. 

Size. The size of a tent naturally depends upon the size of the tree. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



71 



For young orchards a twenty-foot tent will serve until the trees are 
about four years old, and the tents can then be enlarged by simply 
sewing a border around the edges. This border might just as well be 
made of lighter and less expensive materials. In this way an orchard 
may be carried over until the ordinary orchard tents can be used. In 
fact many fumigators do use a large tent upon a small tree by placing 
a suitable square or triangular frame around the tree to support the 
tent or if the trees are strong enough to allow them to support the 
tents unaided. 




Fig. 48. — Marked fumigating tent over tree. (After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.) 

For ordinary work forty-five-foot tents are commonly used and meet 
all requirements of a full grown orchard, except for unusually large 
trees, many of which require seventy or eighty-foot tents. It is custom- 
ary, however, to use two or even three tents together when there is only 
an occasional large tree. 

Materials. The life and nature of a fumigation outfit depends upon 
the quality and care of the tents. Many materials have been recom- 
mended and tried, army duck and drills of various weights being those 
most used. Special tight-woven drill tents were recommended by 
fumigating investigators, but these materials, though allowing but a 
small escape of gas, have not been able to stand the rough usage. After 



72 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



several years of trial with the drills it is becoming the unanimous 
opinion of fumigators that by far the best all around tent material is 
the eight-ounce army duck. Though somewhat coarse and open it is 
able to hold the gas well and may be used almost twice as long as the 
drills. 

Tents should be ordered a little larger to allow for shrinkage when 
dipped. 




Fig. 49. — Apparatus for dipping tents in tannin to prevent 
mildew. (After Woglum. ) 

Dipping. To prevent moulding and rotting, new tents are usually 
treated in a tannin bath. A suitable outfit for this work is shoA\'n in 
Fig. 49. 

The tank should have a capacity of from two hundred and fifty to 
three hundred gallons. Oakbark extract of tannin is used at the rate 
of one pound to every five gallons of water. Six or eight pounds of 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 73 

tannin and the amount of water removed with the tent should be added 
after each is dipped. 

The tannin solution should be brought to a boil and the tents immersed 
for half an hour, after which they are removed and spread out to dry. 

A forty-five foot tent will shrink about one foot all around in dipping 
(allowing for some stretching by use afterwards). 

The cost of dipping for tannin, fuel, labor, etc., amounts to about 
$1.20 to $1.50 outside of equipment. 

Marking. Because of the shrinkage it is preferable to mark the 
tents after dipping. 

The usual practice consists in marking three one. and a half or two- 
inch parallel lines across the tent three feet apart. Three lines are 
made in preference to one, so that when the tent is put over the tree 
one of these lines will be sure to pass over the center. The measure- 
ments over the tree are ascertained by numbering each foot across the 
tent, beginning in the middle, and numbering each way, as shown in 
Fig. 47. The first four numbers are not designated because they are 
seldom if ever used. The cost of marking and stenciling the numbers 
averages about seventy-five cents a tent. 

Number for Outfit. The ordinary fumigating outfit consists ot 
from thirty to forty tents, a number which five men are capable of 
throwing and dosing at hourly intervals. An increase in apparatus 
or men for handling and dosing will naturally admit of an increase in 
this number. 

Care. Greatest care should be exercised to prevent acid coming in 
contact with the tents, for every contact results in a large or small hole. 
Every day each tent should be carefully examined and all holes covered 
with sewed patches. Failure to follow these suggestions means poor 
and unsatisfactory work. 

CHEMICAL WAGONS. 

Under the old system of scheduling and estimating, the dosage for 
every tree was made up at some central point in the orchard and dis- 
tributed in carriers by hand. The new system of determining and 
making the dosage of every tree separately gave rise to the chemical 
cart or wagon, which carries a full supply of acid, cyanide and water 
in easily available shape. 

The sulphuric acid should be kept in an earthenware or lead-lined 
container and drawn off through a rubber siphon or outlet. An ordi- 
nary keg or barrel with a faucet will hold the water and a tight box is 
all that is necessary for the cyanide. Dosage schedules, graduates, 
clamps, rubber gloves, scales and sufficient light complete the outfit. 
(Figs. 50, 51.) 



74 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



Acid Container. For ordinary work a three, five or t^n-gallon 
earthenware jar is sufficient. A lead lid for the top and a three fourths 
inch iron pipe inserted through a hole in the side near the bottom with 
a piece of pure rubber tubing six inches long and closed by a clamp 
is a cheap and practical device. Lead-lined tanks are more durable, 
but also much more expensive. 

Water Tank. As there is three times as much water used as acid 
the water tank must necessarily be larger. For a hand cart a pickle 
keg is excellent, while a twenty-five or fifty-gallon barrel may be neces- 
sary for a large wagon. An extension pipe and faucet furnish the 
outlet which should be near that of the acid tank. 

Graduates. The quantity of acid and water used depends entirely 
upon the amount of cyanide required for a dose. For every ounce of 
potassium cyanide one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid and three fluid 




Fig. 50. — A cheap and satisfactory hand chemical cart. (Photo by Vaile. ) 



ounces of water are used, while for sodium cyanide one and a half 
fl.uid ounces of sulphuric acid and two fluid ounces of water are used. 
As this is a fixed ratio in each case, graduates have been made to 
measure out the exact amount of the liquid required in the terms of the 
number of ounces of cyanide ; for instance, if it required twelve ounces 
of sodium cyanide for a dose the acid graduate is so scaled that it would 
be filled to the twelve ounce line, which would mean eighteen liquid 
ounces and the water graduate to the twelve ounce line, which would 
be twenty-four liquid ounces. Such a scheme makes it unnecessary to 
make mental calculations and thus avoids mistakes. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



75 



ACID GENERATORS. 

Acid generators are earthenware pots usually made in gallon, two- 
gallon and three-gallon sizes and with or without lids (Fig. 52). The 
lid has long been recognized as a valuable adjunct to a generator by 
throwing the gas outward, thus preventing burnings directly above the 
generator. It also prevents the sputtering over of the acid due to the 
violent chemical reaction when the cyanide is added. So far there 
appears to be no lid manufactured which is entirely satisfactory, 
though nearly all fumi gators prefer those on the market to the open 
generator. A suitable lid should be light and hinged so as to admit of 
easy emptying. 




Fig. 51.- — A specially constructed chemical wagon. (Photo by Fawcett. ) 



The two-gallon generator is more generally used because it more 
nearly meets the requirements of large and small doses. Care should 
be exercised not to fill a single pot more than one third full of acid and 
water before the cyanide is added as the contents may boil over and 
much of it be wasted. For large doses use two or more generators to a 
tree. To prevent unnecessary sputtering, especially when open genera- 
tors are used, small cheap paper bags are excellent to contain the cyanide 
when it is dropped into the acid. 



76 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



MEASURING THE TENTS. • 

The air space of the tents is determined by a schedule based ui)on 
the cubical contents which in actual field operations is determined by 
the distances over and around the tent when it covers a tree. The 
distance over is easily ascertained by the marked lines across the tent — 
the sum of the two figures nearest the around being taken. The distance 




Fig. 52.- 



-Acid generators showing resld'ue remaining because of careless emptying. 
(After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.) 



around is often paced, but careful fumi gators use a tapeline, which is 
certainly the only procedure to be recommended. The tapeline should 
be numbered in feet on both sides, the numbering of each side being 
opposite so as to admit of the use of either end without subtraction. A 
small, light snap is usually sewed to each end, to be fastened to the ring 
at the top of a short iron pin stuck in the ground to hold the loose end 
while the tape is carried around the tent. 



DOSAGE SCHEDULES. 

These schedules are printed on fairly stiff paper so that they may 
be tacked upon a board for the use of the cyanide man. The figures 
are black and large enough to be plainly seen by the light of a torch 
or lantern on the darkest night. Half and quarter ounces are omitted, 
because of the difficulty in reading the small fractions at night and 
because few scales are made to register these small amounts accurately. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 77 

All less than half ounces are placed in the lower figure, while half 
ounces or over are placed in the next higher figure. A more convenient 
way of fixing up the schedule is to have a cylinder made of zinc, with 
a narrow slot, the width of a row of figures, covered by a glass, and a 
wooden roller on the inside, similar to a rolling pin. Each end of the 
cylinder is closed by a cap with a hole in the center, in which turns 
the handles of the wooden roller. The chart or schedule is attached 
to the roller so as to revolve in the cylinder. The figures of the distances 
around are pasted along the top of the slot to conform with the like 
numbers on the schedule. In finding the dosage one has only to turn 
the roller until the distance over shows at the left-hand end of the slot ; 
the figure at the top of the slot shows the distance around. In this way, 
the chart is kept perfectly dry and bright and the possibilities of making 
a mistake are reduced to a minimum. This arrangement was first 
invented by Mr. C. E. McFadden, Fullerton, California, who used it 
on all of his chemical carts. 

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT. 

Rubber gloves for handling the acid graduate and generators, pure 
rubber tubing for drawing off the acid, acid clamps or cut-offs to control 
the flow, a pair of scales registering ounces, thermometer and good 
lights are as necessary as any of the other equipment. 

CHEMICALS. 

The chemicals used for generating hjairocyanic acid gas in fumigat- 
ing M'ork are potassium or sodium cyanide, commercial sulphuric acid 
and water. The cyanide is usually handled in the 200-pound cases and 
the acid in steel drums weighing from 1,200 to 2,000 pounds. 

Cyanide. For many years potassium cyanide 98-99 per cent pure 
was thought to be the best and only reliable source of hydrocyanic acid 
gas. It was formerly used to the exclusion of all others, and is still 
preferred by many who do not wish to add the injurious residue of 
sodium cyanide to their soil, and also by those who do not see enough 
advantages in sodium cyanide to warrant a change. 

There are two grades of sodium cyanide: the 98-100 per cent pure, 
which is totally unfit for fumigation purposes because of the impurities 
it contains, and the pure 129-130 per cent sodium cyanide, which is used 
almost exclusively for fumigation work. This product, though some- 
what more expensive than the potasisum cyanide per pound, has much 
more available hydrocyanic acid gas and consequently a smaller amount 
is necessary, which is enough smaller to make the cost of dosage less 
than that for potassium cyanide, and is therefore fast displacing it. 
Much has been said for and against the sodium cyanide relative to the 
burning of fruit and foliage, but this is still an unsettled point. 



78 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



Both of the cyanides are good and reliable, and the deciding features 
will probably always be the supply available and the price. 




Fig. 53. — The McFadden tent-hoisting machine. (After Woglum. ) 

Sulphuric Acid. Fumigating sulphuric acid has a specific gravity 
of about 66 degrees Baume, often containing traces of nitric acid and 
arsenic, lead or zinc. It has been the current belief that nitric acid 
especially caused the burning of the fruit and foliage so often the 
results of fumigating work, but R. S. Woglum in Bull. No. 90, Part I, 
jiage 42, U. S. Dept. AgrcL, Bureau Entomology, states that this is an 
erroneous belief. It should always be the aim of every fruit grower to 
get good grades of sulphuric acid, which is not at all difficult at the 
present time. 

CHEMICAL PROPORTIONS. 
Potassium Cyanide: 

Potassium cyanide 1 ounce 

Sulphuric acid 1 fluid ounce 

Water 3 fluid ounces 

Sodium Cyanide: 

Sodium cyanide 1 ounce 

Sulphuric acid 1^ fluid ounces 

Water 2 fluid ounces 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 79 

METHODS OF PROCEDURE. 

For an outfit of thirty or thirty-five tents five men are required to 
operate to an advantage. Two men pull the tents and kick in the edges 
around the bottom. One man, the taper, takes the measurements of the 
tree and calls them off to the man who weighs out the cyanide. After 
determining the dosage this man also empties the generators from the 
row just finished and has them ready for the next trees by the time the 
chemical cart arrives. The man who weighs the cyanide determines the 
dose on the schedule from the measurements called out by the man who 
measures the tents. The cyanide man also lifts the tent so that the 
last man who measures out the acid and water in the generators may 
place them well imder the tree, after which the cyanide is added. In 
no case should the acid man touch the tents. While the chemical men 
are dosing one tree the taper is getting the measurements for the next 
tree ready in advance. In brief, the procedure is as follows: putting 
the tents over the trees, measuring and dosing. The string of thirty 
tents can be easily dosed within forty-five minutes or an hour. Methods 
of procedure vary considerably, the above being general. 

For extra large trees a special tent-hoisting apparatus (Fig. 53) 
has been devised by Mr. C. E. McFadden, with which a 70 or 80-foot 
tent can be easily and quickly put over the largest citrus trees. 

DOSAGE. 

The amount of cyanide used depends upon the pest to be treated. 
Accordingly several schedules (Figs. 54, 55) have been made, based 
upon dosage schedule No. 1 for purple or red scale made by R. S. 
Woglum. This dosage consists of one and a half ounces of potassium 
cyanide to every one hundred cubic feet of air space. The schedule 
dosage for black scale usually consists of three fourths of schedule 
No. 1 and is designated dosage schedule No. f . 

If sodium cyanide is used the dosages are reduced 25 per cent. 

Black Scale. Either dosage schedule No. f or -J for potassium 
cyanide or | for sodium cyanide. The smaller dosage is recommended 
only where there is an even hatch of very young scale insects. 

Purple, Red, Yellow Scale. Use dosage schedule No. 1 for potas- 
sium cyanide and No. f for sodium cyanide. 

Mealy Bug. The same dosage as for black scale gives almost as 
good results as the heavier doses. 



80 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



Distance over tree. 



%■»■ 




J3 34 3S«i7 
3435 363737; 
3435 36 3738 
3S'36jj73839 

)6T36i38]38i 



37i404l 42[43 
38i4042 43^44 
39*414243.45 
4(li^J43g44|46 58 



Fig. 54. — Schedule No. 1. The first few dosages should be doubled. 
(U. S. Dept. Agrcl.) 

LENGTH OF EXPOSURE. 

The time required to complete the generation of the gas is not long, 
but it is advisable to leave the tents upon the trees for at least forty-five 
minutes after the dosage is placed under the tent. Some prefer thirty 
minutes, while others insist upon a full hour. 

TIME OF OPERATION. 

For red, purple and yellow scale fumigation work is usually done 
during the winter or spring months. If black scale is present the time 
of operation covers the period from the middle of August to the middle 
of January, depending somewhat upon the individual locality. 

TEMPERATURE. 
To avoid the heat of the sun, fumigation is ordinarily done during the 
night, when the atmosphere is cool. Cloudy cool days maj' admit of 



CALIPORNLi CITRUS CULTURE. 



81 



some work, but all da}^ operations are liable to cause severe burnings of 
fruit and foliage. 

Excessive cold is also liable to cause disastrous results. Keep a 
thermometer on the wagon and do not operate under the following 
conditions: when the temperature is 70 degrees Fahr. or more above 
zero or when it is 36 degrees Fahr. or less. This latter temperature 
should be carefully avoided, especially upon damp or wet nights. 

Hot, electric winds also tend to produce severe burning, and all work 
should be suspended on nights they are blowing. 

Orchards previously sprayed with Bordeaux mixture should not be 
fumigated, as there results a chemical reaction which is exceedingly 
damaging to the fruit and foliage. 

VENTURA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER 

FUMIGATING SCHEDULE FOR BLACK SCALE 
SODIUM CYANIDE 





























BISTANCE 


AROUND. 


IN FEET 
























16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


48 
























10 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 














































10 


12 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 












































12 


14 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


4 
































14 


16 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 




























16 


18 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


5 




























13 








20 


22 


24 


26 


2R 


30 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50 


02 


64 


66 


68 


60 












20 






2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


6 


6 


5 


5 


5 


6 


6 




















20 


22 










4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


6 


S 


5 


6 


6 


6 


6 


6 




















22 


24 












4 


4 


4 


6 


5 


5 


6 


6 


6 


6 


6 


7 


7 




















24 


26 














4 


6 


6 


5 


6 


6 


6 


6 


6 


7 


8 


8 


8 


e 


8 


8 












26 


28 
















5 


5 


6 


6 


6 


6 


7 


7 


3 


8 


8 


8 


3 


9 


9 












28 


















30 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50 


52 


54 


56 


58 


60 


62 


64 


66 


68 




30 
















6 


6 


6 


6 


7 


7 


8 


8 


8 


8 


8 


8 


9 


10 


11 


11 


11 


11 


12 


12 


30 


32 






















7 


8 


8 


8 


8 


9 


9 


9 


10 


10 


11 


11 


11 


11 


12 


12 


13 


32 


34 
























8 


8 


8 


9 


10 


10 


11 


11 


11 


11 


11 


12 


12 


13 


13 


13 


34 


36 
























8 


8 


•9 


10 


10 


11 


11 


11 


11 


12 


13 


13 


13 


13 


14 


14 


36 


38 


























9 


9 


10 


11 


11 


11 


12 


12 


13 


13 


13 


14 


14 


14 


16 


38 




























40 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50 


52 


54 


56 


58 


60 


62 


64 


60 


68 




40 


























9 


10 


11 


11 


11 


11 


12 


13 


13 


14 


14 


14 


15 


15 


16 


40 


41 




























11 


11 


11 


11 


12 


13 


13 


14 


14 


14 


15 


16 


13 


16 


42 


42 






























11 


11 


12 


13 


13 


14 


14 


14 


15 


16 


16 


16 


16 


44 


43 
































12 


13 


13 


14 


14 


14 


15 


15 


15 


15 


16 


17 


46 


44 




































13 


14 


14 


14 


15 


15 


15 


IS 


17 


17 


48 






































SO 


52 


64 


56 


58- 


80 


62 


64 


66 


68 




45 




































13 


14 


14 


15 


16 


15 


16 


17 


17 


17 


50 


46 




































14 


14 


16 


15 


15 


16 


17 


17 


17 


17 


52 


47 




































14 


14 


15 


16 


16 


17 


17 


17 


17 


18 


54 


48 




































14 


15 


16 


16 


17 


17 


17 


17 


18 


18 


56 


49 




































14 


16 


16 


16 


17 


17 


17 


17 


18 


19 


58 



NOTE. — Quarter and half 
ProportionB for mixing 



e practical for 
1'/j. Water 2. 



Fig. 55. — Dosage schedule No. 1 for black scale using sodium cyanide as prepared by 
Woglum. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.) 

BUYING MATERIALS. 

Fumigating acid and cyanide are usually bought in large lots by the 
fumigating contractor, the various associations, the counties and large 
orchard companies who are able to get the benefits of a much reduced! 

G — cc 



82 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

price. Until within the last few years the owner of a srtfall orchard 
was not thus benefited unless the association to which he belonged or 
the county bought his materials. A co-operative company in the south- 
em part of the State composed of the citrus growers themselves and 
known as the Fruit Growers' Supply Company, now gives its members 
the advantage of the prices obtained by making large purchases. 

BLOCK FUMIGATION. 

The spread of scale insects in citrus orchards is very rapid, and under 
ordinary methods of fumigation, where only part of a district is treated 
each year, there is always a source of re-infestation from the trees which 
have not been fumigated for from one to several years. To eliminate 
this condition it is exceedingly desirable to fumigate large blocks or 
tracts of orchards the same year and thus place each upon the same 
basis. This is known as block fumigation and should be encouraged in 
every possible way, as it has great advantages over the usual haphazard 
fumigation of a district. All citrus growers should possess "Insects 
of California," Monthly Bulletin, State Commission Horticulture, 
Vol. II, 1913, No. 1-2, which is mailed free on application. 



DECADENCE OF CITRUS GROVES. 



There has been no little discussion of late regarding deterioration 
of our citrus trees. The condition of some of our groves and the fact 
that increase of production does not keep pace with the increase in 
planting lends some apparent color to this contention. Yet we know 
that in Europe trees a century old are still vigorous and productive. 
Some of our oldest orchards in California have lost none of their health 
or productiveness. It has been suggested that our Washington Navels, 
in their developed excellence, have yielded some of their strength and 
vitality, and so may deteriorate while yet young; yet there are old 
Washington Navel trees that still show a maximum of vigor and pro- 
ductivity. 

The Real Facts. 

We must remember that our citrus trees are marvelous producers; 
they know no rest season — no off years. Does it not stand to reason 
then that they must have the very best care and attention? If they 
are suffering from insufficient food or water; if the soil is hard and 
compact so that aeration is impossible ; if they rest on impervious hard- 
pan, then what wonder if they show decline or utterly succumb. In 



CALIFORNLl CITRUS CULTURE. 



8^ 



such cases would it not be more correct to apply the term "decadence" 
to the manager or management than to the citrus trees? If our groves 
are failing in vigor then we should cast about and look sharply to the 
care which they are receiving. Is the soil rich in fertility; is there 
always abundant moisture ; is aeration perfect ; is there no show of hard- 
pan or cemented subsoil ; is there no disease, either fungoid, physio- 
logical or insect attack ? If the orchardist can answer " no " to all these 
questions, then I believe he can give an emphatic "no" to any question 
of decadence. I saw lemon trees in Sicily said to be one hundred or two 
hundred years old. There they do not force their trees and expect little 
or no fruit for the first eight years. The famous orange grove of 
Mr. N. W. Blanchard of Santa Paula did not produce till eleven years 
old, since which time it has been an enormous producer and the trees 
have shown no decline of vigor. 



SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF CITRUS TREES. 



Citrus trees belong to the family EutacecB, which includes our Amer- 
ican prickly ash and hop tree. The genus Citrus comprises the orange, 




Fig. 56. — Branch and fruit of Citrus trifol- 
iata. Half size. (After Leiong.) 



lemon, citron, pomelo, lime, etc. They are aromatic, glandular, shrubs 
or trees, usually thorny, leaves alternate, with petioles more or less 



84 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

winged, compound though usually unifoliate ; the joint befween petiole 
and leaf shows that the apparent simple leaf is really compound ; in one 
species trifoliate; flowers, pink or white, sweet-scented, hermaphrodite, 
calyx cupulate, three to five toothed ; petals, four to eight, linear oblong 
imbricated in the bud; stamens, twenty to sixty, rarely only five; fila- 
ments more or less united; ovary compound, with five to many united 
carpals, one style and stigma, ovules, five to eight in each carpal in two 
rows ; fruit a berry, spherical, oblong or pear-shaped with thick leathery 
rind containing numerous oil cells, pulp, juicy, aromatic ; juice con- 
tained in curiously formed sacs, the form possessing possibly specific 
importance. Supposed origin of this genus is Cochin China or the 
Malayan Islands. 

Citrus trifoliata Linn. 

In its trifoliate deciduous foliage this species from Japan is peculiar. 
It is a shrub or small tree, very thorny (Fig. 56) with spherical yellow 
fruit and valuable commercially only as a hedge plant and for stock 
on which to bud the commercial orange and lemon. It is thought to 
dwarf the latter and may be more hardy than other stock. As pre- 
viously stated, sour stock is now thought to be greatly preferable. It 
endures more cold, and so Dr. H. J. Webber has originated hybrids 
between this and the orange in hope of securing the frost resistance 
of the trifoliata and something of the excellence of the orange. 

Citrus aurantium Linn. var. amara Linn. 

This orange, known as Bigaradia (sour or bitter orange), also the 
Seville orange, is thought to be the original of all our oranges. The 
leaf is broadly winged, the. flowers sweet-scented and the fruit spherical. 
It was brought early to Florida by the Spaniards and ran wild. The 
fruit (Fig. 57) is too bitter and sour for commercial purposes, but is 
sometimes used for marmalade. The seeds are large and prized, as. 
the seedlings are thought by some to be more hardy and vigorous than 
are those from other seeds, and it is also said to stand neglect better, 
and to be more resistant to gum diseases. If the stock does influence 
the scion or bud, it is not obvious in this case, as the fruit seems not 
inferior. Mr. Lelong thought the Bigaradia inferior as stock to the 
sweet orange, for he says: "The trunks are not as large as those on- 
sweet stock and show less expansion of root system." Our best author- 
ities today favor strongly sour orange stock. There is considerable 
variation in these sour oranges. Lelong mentioned ten marked strains. 
Dr. "Webber says there are only two, the bitter orange, prized as stock 
for budding, and the bitter-sweet, which is more pleasing to the taste. 
It is claimed by some that this is a well marked species, and the fact 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



85 



that its peculiar sourness and bitter flavor persists would seem to sustain 
this contention. It is, however, very similar to the sweet orange. Dr. 
G. Harold Powell informs me that the stock of the bitter orange is 
universally used in lemon growing in Italy. 




Fig. 57. — The sour or bitter orange ^ Citrus aurantiuin var. qmara Linn. 
(After Lelong. ) 



Citrus aurantium Linn. var. sinensis Engier. 

This is our common sweet orange and includes all the subvarieties 
so familiar to us. These subvarieties are often as marked as the variety 
itself. Its excellence and commercial importance makes it a great 
favorite, and so it is much grown and subject to varied care and treat- 
ment. This is doubtless the cause in great part of its many variations. 
Unaided nature has given us the superb navel orange. Does this not 
show that the orange is susceptible to change and improvement, in 
short, to marked bud variation ? We believe we are safe in saying that 
the skillful breeder has great opportunity to create an orange that may 
greatly distance in excellence and productivity any yet produced. 

The leaves of the sweet orange are oblong and pointed, petiole nar- 



1 




'%.S: 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 87 

rowly winged, fruit of varying color — yellow to orange — size and form 
from spherical to oblong, pulp when ripe, sweet and delicious. The 
seeds are large and much valued for planting. The tree is from twenty 
to forty feet in height. 

The Washington Navel Orange. 

(Fig. 58.) 

The most prized and excellent variety in California is the Wash- 
ington navel. This in its perfection is at present certainly incompar- 
able, not only as an orange, but as a fruit. The peculiar scar at the 
blossom or calyx end, and the fact that it was brought to Washington 
from Bahia, Brazil, by the Department of Agriculture in 1870, has 
given it the name of Washington navel. Two trees were brought from 
Washington, D. C, to Riverside, California, and thus a second name — 
Riverside navel. From these two trees buds have been taken in pro- 
fusion, and thus our "King of Oranges" is now widely distributed, 
keenly relished and in great demand. The navel is the unmistakable 
mark, though occasionally found in other kinds of oranges and very 
rarely in lemons. This navel seems to be like a proliferous rose where 
the stem pushes through the flower and bears a second rose. Some 
wild flowers (Salvia) exhibit the same peculiarity. Here the second 
orange simply reaches the surface, though occasionally it pushes up 
partly through the rind, and rarely we have a second orange surmount- 
ing the fruit. The orange is seedless, which may be due to the fact 
that this second fruit prevents the pollen threads from pushing through 
to fecundate the seeds. The pollen being useless, nature has robbed the 
navel bloom of this product. Occasionally, although very rarelj'-, pollen 
from other sources is effective and we have seeds, even in the navel. 
This fact suggests that in the near future all our citrus fruits will be 
rid of seeds. This navel orange is large, highly colored, pulp luscious, 
very sweet, flavor incomparable. It will always be a favorite. The tree 
is a profuse bearer, and of course must have most generous treatment. 
Decadent care will result in decadent trees. 

An inferior navel, both in tree and fruit, is known as the Australian 
navel. Some think it is merely a sport of the Washington navel, w^hile 
others think it is distinct It is a shy bearer and produces a coarse, 
undesirable fruit. 

The Washington navel is not ready for the market in southern Cali- 
fornia till January, though often shipped for the holiday trade and 
may last, not greatly impaired in excellence, till July. In northern 
California it ripens earlier. In Florida this variety is a shy bearer 
and does not give the satisfaction that it does in Arizona and California. 
As remarked above, other varieties occasionally exhibit the navel cicatrix. 



88 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

Valencia Late. 



This orange, also known as Hart's Late and Hart's Tardiff, is second 
in importance only to the navel. It is the only commercial summer 
orange in the world. It reaches maturity in INIay and increases in 




Fig. 59. — Valencia late. (After Lolong.) 

perfection until late November. Like the navel, it is very productive, 
has a smooth skin, melting pulp, is nearly seedless, and is a very 
superior fruit. In color it is inferior to the navel. Sometimes the 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



89 



green color returns, after the fruit yellows. In California it is now 
deservedlj^ a great favorite with the growers, as it is everywhere with 
the consumers. It has of late years in many sections of California 
rivalled the navel in numbers planted. Without doubt, it is very wise 
to plant these two varieties in about equal numbers, giving the navel 
possibly in some sections somewhat the advantage. For the commer- 
cial orchard no other subvarieties are thought by many of our best 
citrus growers to be worthy of attention. 




Fig. 60. 



-Thompson's improved navel. 
(After Lelong. ) 



Reduced'. 



Thompson's Improved Navel. 

This is strikingly like the Washington navel, but has a very thin, 
smooth skin and is exceedingly beautiful. It does not equal the Wash- 



90 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



ington navel in quality. It is doubtless simply a sport of the Washing- 
ton navel, and is able to bequeath its desirable characteri^ics to its 
budded deseendents. 





Fig. 6L — Jaffa orange. Natural size. (After Lelong. ) 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

Other Sub varieties. 



91 



There are many other oranges that have real merit and would be 
•worthy of consideration in planting, except that the ones mentioned 
above are so much superior. 




Fig. 62. 



-Paper rind St. Michael. 
(After Lelong. ) 



Natural size. 



Seedlings. 

These secured without the labor of budding are of course cheaper, 
but they are correspondingly less valuable. The fruit is small, the 
trees very tall, so that picking is expensive, and yet these seedling 
orchards are often very profitable. Usually, however, they are budded 
over to more desirable kinds, but many possessors of such orchards 
think them too profitable to make this wise. Seedling trees often bear 
enormous crops. 



02 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

Homosassa. 

This orange originated in Florida, where it is a favorite. It is 
large, yellowish, pulp delicious, acidity moderate, sweetness marked. 
The season in Florida is from December to February, the usual time for 
fruiting in that state. It is rarely seen in California. 

Jaffa. (Fig. 61.) 

This beautiful orange comes from the Holy Land. It is very juicy 
with melting pulp. Had we not such varieties as the navel and Valencia, 
this beautiful, smooth skinned orange would be more frequently planted ; 
however, it is sparingly planted here in California, and is much prized. 

Paper Rind St. Michael. (Fig. 62.) 

This orange has been much grown in California. The blending of 
acidity and sweetness, its delicious pulp and superior quality has secured 
for it many friends. We have enjoyed them greatly on our table and 
can say that it is not that we love this less, but the navel and Valencia 
more. 




Fig. 63. — Dancy tangerine. Natural size. 
(After Lelong. ) 

Mediterranean Sweet. 

This orange is well named, as the pulp is deliciously sweet and it is 
one of the Mediterranean subvarieties. The fruit is large and the tree 
a good producer, and it is one of the late varieties. In the past it was 
largely planted in California, but not so at the present time. 
The Blood Orange. 

These, from their very deeply colored pulp, are really unique and 
so are often thought desirable. The Malta and Ruby Bloods are the 
varieties most planted in California. They are small, but very juicy 
and sweet when fully ripe. Commercially they are not important. 
These latter subvarieties occasionally show the navel cicatrix. 

There are many other subvarieties of the sweet oranges, and any who 
are desirous of studying further into the subject are recommended to 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



93 



secure ''Citrus Fruits and Their Culture," by H. Harold Hume, pub- 
lished by the Orange-Judd Company. 

Citrus no bills Lour. 
The Mandarin oranges, which include the dancy tangerine (Fig. 63), 
are very peculiar. The trees are small, the foliage dense, the branches 
with small, sharp spines, leaves small with short petioles, slightly 
winged, and the fruit, usually reddish orange, very flat with the rind 
loose from the pulp so that it can be readily separated, while the nine 




Fig. 64. — Pomelo tree in fruit. 
(After Lelong. ) 

to fifteen sections of the pulp separate very easily the one from the 
other. Except for curiosity, these Mandarin oranges would have little 
to recommend them, as the pulp is less melting than that of the sweet 
oranges and the juice is often unpleasantly tart. I think the pulp 
usually lacks flavor. Hume gives ten varieties of the Mandarins; one 
other of these, the Satsuma, has been planted not a little in California. 
From its deep color, pleasing pulp and absence of rag, the dancy tan- 
gerine is interesting and desirable for show. While these sell well, 
ofttimes, I think no one setting a commercial orchard would think now 
of using these trees. 



94 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 



Citrus decumana Linn. 

The pomelo, or grapefruit, and shaddock are distinguished by the 

large size of both fruit and tree. The fruit of the pomelo is usually in 

large clusters (Fig. 64), hence the name grapefruit. The tree may reach 

one and one half feet in diameter and forty feet in height. The petioles 




Fig. 65 — The shaddock (.Citrus decumana.) 
(After Lelong. ) 



Reduced. 



of the leaves are broadly winged. The large fruit is greatly prized by 
many for the morning meal. Many contend that the Florida pomelo is 
superior to that of California, while others say emphatically ''no." The 
fruit is very juicy, exceptionally flavored and is slightly bitter, which 
makes it more toothsome to many persons. In California it is a summer 
fruit, in Florida a winter and spring fruit. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 95 

Hume gives sixteen varieties, only two of which, I think, are much 
grown in California. These are the Triumph and Marsh's Seedless. I 
have them both, and we prize them greatly. Except for the presence 
of seeds, I should give the Triumph the preference. I believe that in 
the near future the pomelo will be one of our standard fruits, which 
will be grown at a substantial profit. It has been claimed that pomelo 
seedlings are deep-rooted and so superior. This claim lacks proof, how- 
ever. The large size of the seeds possibly recommends them. 

The shaddock (Fig. 65) is a great, over grown variety, bitter and of 
no commercial importance. The fruit is a huge jumbo of citrus fruits. 
It is curiously interesting, and the tree has value for ornamental pur- 
poses. 

Citrus japonica Thumb. 

The kumquat is, like the Mandarin, a shrub from four to ten feet 
high, with branches that bear small thorns, or they may be thornless. 
The fruit is small, often in clusters. It is relished and prized for the 
table because of its sweet edible pulp and fine appearance. Except 
for decorative purposes, however, it is of slight importance. Its deep 
green foliage and small size make it very desirable for pot culture. 

Citrus medica Linn. 
This species includes citron, lemon and lime. We find here both 
shrubs and rather small trees ; though unpruned, they may reach 
goodly proportions, of spreading form, foliage light green, flowers 
tinged with red, fruits spherical or oblong, often mammalated. 

Variety genuiana Linn. (Citron.) 
The citron (Fig. 66) is one of the oldest of fruits, dating back to 
very ancient times. The trees are about the size of the kumquat; the 
branches are scraggly and bear thorns; the leaves are very long and 
the fruit large, bitter, unappetizing, with a very rough rind. It is of 
principal importance in that the rind when candied is used in pastries 
and confections. It is very little grown either in Florida or in Cali- 
fornia and is especially sensitive to cold. It could doubtless be grown 
in favored localities in California and Florida, but it is not likely to 
become of any commercial importance for long years, for the cheaper 
labor of Europe would make it an unprofitable crop in our country. 

Variety limon Linn. 

The lemon is a small spreading tree with foliage light green, leaves 
crenate or serrate, with twigs often quite thorny; fruits spherical to 
oval or oblong, usually mammalate; the rind is thin and smooth. The 
tree is a perpetual bloomer, so that fruit in all stages of development 



96 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 




CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 97 

may be found at all seasons of the year. A well cared for grove will 
furnish fruit once a month. The lemon is more prolific than the orange, 
although the lemon is less tender to cold than is the citron, yet it is 
more susceptible than is either the pomelo or the orange. It is easily 
propagated from seeds or cuttings, but is best secured by budding on 
strong stock, either of sweet or sour orange, which is necessary to 
secure the improved varieties. Sour stock is now in the ascendancy 
in both Europe and America. It is more than probable that by using 
selected buds exclusively very superior trees could be secured. 

Some years since a hard freeze in some sections not only injured the 
fruit, but also the trees not a little. This was a severe setback to 
lemon culture and many groves were budded to Valencia oranges. Soon 
lemons advanced in price and now the lemon orchard is as profitable as 
the orange, or indeed, as any other of our common fruits. Mr. C. C. 
Teague of Santa Paula gives the following from his large experience : 
"For successful and profitable lemon growing there are five great 
essentials — climate, proper soil, abundance of water for irrigation, root- 
stocks suited to the particular soil, and a thorough knowledge of the 
business of lemon growing. A most thorough and exhaustive investiga- 
tion by the Citrus Protective League of California of the cost of pro- 
ducing lemons in California has showTi that it is about one dollar and 
a quarter per box, or one and a half cents per pound greater than it is 
in Italy or Sicily, when the cheaper labor and cheaper transportation 
abroad are considered as factors in this cost. It is this difference in 
cost of productioji between the foreign and domestic lemon that justifies 
and makes necessary the present duty of one and a half cents per 
pound." 

Of the many varieties of lemons only three, the Lisbon, Eureka, 
and Villa Franca, have been much planted in California. The first two 
are now the favorites, and no others are desired by our most successful 
growers. 



7 — cc 



98 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

The Lisbon. 



This beautiful fruit, from its elongated form, smooth peel, fine grain, 
ample juice, few seed and great prolificness, is a deserved favorite with 
lemon groAvers. It is a good keeper. The tree has, however, one decided 
drawback, its strong thorns. It is also objected that it is rather too 




Fig. 67. — The Lisbon lemon. Natural size. (After Lelong. ) 

shy of summer fruit. Its beauty, however, will always commend it. 
The Lisbon is naturally a much larger and more thrifty tree than is the 
Eureka, and in the orchard they are usually set further apart. It 
grows very compact when but moderately pruned, yet produces a very 
large proportion of its fruit on the inside twigs and branches, more so 
than the Eureka. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

The Eureka. 



99 



The Eureka, like the Lisbon, is of medium size and also possessed of a 
smooth, glossy rind, though not the equal of the Lisbon in this respect. 
The juice is a pleasant acid ; it is almost seedles, and it is a good shipper. 
The tree is a prolific bearer of summer fruit. Its tendency to bear on 




Fig. 6S. — Eureka lemon. Natural size. (After Leiong. ) 

the extreme ends of the limbs is unfortunate, but can be remedied by 
proper pruning. The fruit is superior in sizing up while still green. 
The Eureka now leads in popularity in this State. The fact of its being 
thornless is greatly in its favor. 

Variety Acida Hook or Limetta. (Lime.) 

This very spinous shrub might be considered a miniature lemon, 
though the juice has a peculiar flavor of its own. The lime lacks 



100 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

the size and excellence of the lemon, yet when at its bg^t it is no" 
mean fruit. The stem is winged but not as broadly as is the sweet 
orange and pomelo. The pulp is very sour and has a tinge of bitter 
which pleases the taste of many. Limeade, with many, is a favorite 
beverage. The lime has escaped from cultivation in Florida and the 
West Indies and has run wild. Some varieties lack not for size and 
some have less pronounced thorns and a less number of seeds. At the 
Oroville Show a year ago I saw very large limes that were apparently 
seedless. Of the several varieties the Imperial, Mexican and Tahiti 
are praised. While the lime bears severe pruning and can be fashioned 
into a hedge, it Mali hardly meet the competition of the lemon and will 
be but little grown in California. 



CITRUS BY-PRODUCTS. 



In Sicily the inferior and injured lemons, and to a less degree the 
oranges, are used for by-products. In case there is a great demand 
for fruit, the best of this inferior fruit is often diverted to the markets. 

Citrate of Lime. 

Citrate of lime is one of the most important of these by-products. 
The concentrated lemon juice is pressed from the lemon, warmed, 
filtered, then heated nearly to the boiling point, when finely powdered 
chalk is gradually added, being constantly stirred, and when effer- 
vescence has ceased we have citrate of lime as the result. By adding 
dilute sulphuric acid to this salt a chemical change produces gypsum 
(sulphate of lime) and citric acid. The process of this manufacture 
is simple and the necessary equipment limited and cheap. There is no 
reason why the growers might not produce this product, except that 
possibly it would not pay. 

Concentrated Lime Juice. 

Lemon juice, as it is pressed from the fruit, is a valued article of 
commerce. By boiling carefully it is concentrated and is then ready to 
ship. Only inferior fruit is used for this purpose, especially that which 
is punctured or bruised. Orange juice or orangeade is also a valuable 
product. 

Oil of Lemons. 

This essence consists of spirits of wine to which oil from the oil cells 
of the lemon peel is added. The fresh peel is soaked, then pressed 
against a sponge, which absorbs the oil. Only inferior fruit is used, 
though it must be fresh and sound. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 101 

Salted Lemons. 

Inferior but sound fruit is often shiped as a salted product. The 
lemons are halved and placed in a salt brine for ten days and then 
shipped in casks, usually to Leghorn, Tuscany. This salted material 
is freshened by being placed in water, when it is ready to use for 
candied peel. 

Candied Lemon Peel. 

Leghorn, Tuscany, is the great manufacturing center for candied 
lemon and citron peel. This is an important product, shipped to many 
parts of the world. The rind is freed from the pulp, freshened in 
water and then placed in a weak solution of sugar, which is gradually 
made stronger, and after several days it becomes saturated with the 
sugar. A slight fermentation is said to improve the product. At last 
it is boiled in a concentrated solution of sugar, after which it is dried 
and coated with crystals of sugar by slow boiling in a very strong 
:solution. 

In Italy, where labor is cheap and where everything must be utilized, 
"these citrus by-products are of much importance. It is necessary 
there that nothing be lost. One third of the Italian lemons are converted 
into by-products. These industries have further service, as the culls 
.are disposed of and injury of the market is not caused by their sale. 
At present these by-products are of small importance in America, but 
we may hope that the inventive genius of our people may bring about 
a change in the not distant future. The U. S. Department of Agri- 
culture is now experimenting regarding the practicability of our using 
our culls profitably in the production of citrus by-products. We all 
hope that success will crown their efforts. 



THE GOPHER. 

(Thomomys sps.) 

Citrus and other fruit trees are often partially or completely girdled 
by the pocket gopher. I have seen great havoc wrought by this destruc- 
tive rodent. The wise orchardist will be vigilant to protect against 
this destructive mammal. Traps set in their run-ways, or raisins or 
bits of tender orange twigs with strychnine inserted in a slit, placed in 
Ttheir rim- ways, cause their speedy death. 



102 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE, 



FARMERS' CLUBS. 



My friend, Mr. J. H. Reed, whose suggestions are always to be 
considered, urges me to append to my booklet a word of advice as to 
clubs and co-operative associations. It is certainly a wise suggestion. 

No one can doubt the value of our Farmers' Institutes. Michigan 
originated this ''University Extension Work" in 1875. I was one of 
the lecturers at the first institute, and have been engaged as director 
most of the time from that day until now. In Michigan I inaugurated 
the movement to form a monthly club at each institute. Michigan, I 
think, excels to-day in the number of such clubs. As conductor of 
farmers' institutes in southern California for twelve years, I empha- 
sized the value of such organizations and aided in organizing over forty- 
five. Who can doubt the wisdom of such action? This virtually gives 
each locality an institute each month. Such clubs have been of immense 
value to many sections of our country. 

Requisites for a Successful Club. 

A wide-awake club requires enthusiastic officers, whose devotion will 
permit no abatement of effort to make the club first best. Secondly, a 
meaty programme at each session is a prime necessity. Thirdly, we 
must have committees that will make a thorough study of some phase 
of ranch work, each reporting at least once a year. This will give the 
club dignity and influence. I would urge, in addition, ceaseless effort 
to make the social atmosphere as fine and bracing as is possible. 

I will outline the principal features of the Claremont Pomological 
Club, of which I was president from 1894 to 1912. It is a strong club 
and has done exceptionally good work. 

Besides the usual officers who perform the duties common to such 
officials, there are committees on insects, cultivation, irrigation, fer- 
tilization, roads, household economy, street trees, decorative planting, 
and good of the club. The club meets one day of each month from 
September to June, inclusive. In June and September picnics are 
enjoyed, always with a first-class dinner and programme, when all are 
cordially invited to attend. The attendance usually runs up into the 
hundreds. July and August are vacation months. Thirty-three fam- 
ilies are the limit of membership. There are several applications con- 
stantly on the waiting list. 

The social status of the club is admirable. The meetings are held 
and entertainment provided at the homes of the members in succession. 
The club owns the chairs (seventy-five folding chairs), lapboards, 
knives, forks, spoons, plates, cups and saucers and tablecloths. There 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 103 

are usually from eighty to more than a hundred at each meeting. The 
host may invite at pleasure, and if any member has company from 
abroad he can take them to the meetings if he informs the host. This 
would seem a great burden, but as it occurs only once in four years, it 
is not grevious and once given it ensures thirty-two good times, big 
eats, and rich mental feasts with no cost or labor. 

The above account will make it easy for one to write a constitution 
and by-laws, under which to organize a successful club. 

The Claremont Club founded the local telephone company, with over 
four thousand phones, helped form the County Insurance Association, 
which saves immensely to its patrons and who now has over five 
million dollars in policies. At the time of the forty-five clubs it Avas 
their influence that secured for us our excellent fertilizer law in the face 
of most vehement opposition. May we not hope to rival Michigan with 
her hundreds of wide-awake clubs? Nothing would foster the fruit 
interests with more energy and certainty. 



THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE. 



The California Fruit Growers' Exchange represents about sixty-five 
hundred growers who have organized themselves into one hundred or 
more local associations. Each association usually owns its own packing- 
house, where the fruit of the members is assembled, pooled and prepared 
for market under brands adopted for the different grades by the asso- 
ciation. The association usually picks the fruit of the members. 

The associations in the different regions combine into one or more 
district exchanges, which represent the associations in the business 
operations common to each, and which sell the fruit through the agents 
of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, receiving the proceeds 
therefor through the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, an incorpo- 
rated agency formed by a representative of each of the seventeen district 
exchanges. The California Fruit Growers' Exchange acts an as agent in 
furnishing the facilities through which the fruit is placed in the different 
markets by the growers through their sub-exchanges and sold, through 
its own exclusive agents to the trade or by auction, and collects the pro- 
ceeds and transmits them to the district exchanges, which in turn pay 
the growers through the local associations. 

The central exchange, the district exchange and the association all 
transact the business for the grower at actual cost. The central exchange 
through its agents is in daily touch with the markets of America, 



104 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

thereby enabling it to secure the information through wMch the sub- 
exchanges distribute the fruit intelligently. The local exchanges and 
the associations receive a daily bulletin from the central exchange, which 
outlines the condition of all the markets the preceding day, states the 
selling price of all exchange cars, and gives the growers such informa- 
tion as will help them to pack and distribute their fruit to the best 
advantage. 



THE CITRUS PROTECTIVE LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA. 



The citrus industry of California has formed a voluntary organiza- 
tion, known as the Citrus Protective League, to handle the public 
policy questions that affect the industry as a whole. This organization 
represents about ninety per cent of the shippers and shipping organiza- 
tions in all parts of the State in handling such questions as railroad 
rates and transportation problems, customs, tariffs, and other govern- 
mental relations, state and federal legislation that applies directly to 
the citrus industry, and all other questions of a general nature that 
affect the upbuilding of the industry, except the marketing of the fruit. 

The league has brought about reductions in the freight and refrigera- 
tion rates on citrus fruits, which have saved the producers millions of 
dollars. It secured through Congress the equalization of the tariff duty 
between oranges and lemons by securing an increase in the duty on 
lemons, more nearly equal to the difference in the cost of producing the 
lemons as compared with the oranges. The league brought about the 
promulgation of new regulations regarding the determination of decay 
in imported fruit, thus protecting the California industry against unfair 
competition ; and, in general, has secured the aid of the State and Fed- 
eral Government in the study of the nutrition troubles, production of 
citrus by-products, and constructive questions affecting the industry. 



CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE, 105 

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CITRUS. 



Works of rare merit and up-to-date are set in bold type. 
Adee, Alvery A. Orange and Lemon in Foreign Countries. Consular Reports. U. S. 

Dept. of State, 1890, Part 1st. pp. 399-585. 
Alden, W. L. Citrus Fruit Culture in Foreign Countries ; the Citron, Oranges and 

Lemons. Special Consular Rpt. 1890. Supt. of Doc. 
Amundsen, E. O. Black Rot of Navel Orange. Mo. Bui. Cal. Com. Hort., 2 (1913) 

No. 5, May. lUustr. 
Bailey. L. H. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. New York; The Macmillan 

Company; copyrt. 1900-02. Numerous articles by different writers; see citrus, 

orange, lemon, lime, pomelo, citron and kumquat. 
Nursery Book. 17th ed., Macmillan Co., New York. 
Baker, C. F. Grape Fruit in Southern California. 39th Cal. Fruit Growers' Conven- 
tion, 1911. pp. 53-55. 
Baldridge, M. Citrus Fruits — Everything Pertaining to Citrus Culture, and the Dis- 
position and Sale of Fruit. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., 3d Biennial Rept. 1887-88. 

pp. 207-211. 
Conditions of Citrus Culture. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., Biennial Rept., 1885-86. 

pp. 550-554. 
Bauskett, F. N. How Lemon Oil Is Made. Scientific American. 101:372. Nov. 20, 

1909. 
Bell, J. D. Cultivating and Fertilizing Citrus Trees. Transactions of the Fla. St. 

Hort. Soc, 1908. pp. 207-208. 
Bennett, J. E. Roofing Over Orange Orchards. Current Literature. 27:146-7. Feb., 

1900. 
Berger, E. W. Controlling the White-fly by Its Natural Enemies. Transactions of 

Fla. St. Hort. Soc, 1908, pp. 77-89. 
Fungous Diseases of White-fly. Annual Rept. St. Entomologist. Fla. Exp. Sta., 

1911, pp. 40-49. 
The White-fly Investigations. Proceedings of Fla. St. Hort. Soc, 1910, pp. 80-85. 
White-fly Control. Fla. Exp. Sta., Bui. 103, 1910. pp. 5-28. Illustr. 
White-fly Studies in 1908. Fla. Exp. Sta., Bui. 97, 1909, pp. 43-71. Illustr. 
Berry, Major C. J. Citrus Fruits in the Northern Counties. 29th Cal. Fruit Growers' 

Convention. 1903, pp. 215-217. 
Bertoni, M. S. Gummosis of Orange Trees. Agronomia Puerti Bertoni, 5 (1911), 

No. 2, pp. 79-89. 
Bessey, Ernst A. Report on Plant Diseases. Transactions of Fla. St. H:ort. Soc, 

1908. pp. 97-100. 
Bettner. James. Essay on the Orange. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., Biennial Rept. 1885-86. 

pp. 191-202. 
Bishop, A. D. Orange from Blossom to Car. 2Sth Cal. Fruit Growers' Convention, 

1903, pp. 66-69. 
Blanchard, N. W. Lemon and Its Treatment. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Annual Rept. 1890. 

pp. 109-121. 
Boynton, S. S. Citrus Culture in Northern California. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Annual 

Rept. 1S91, pp. 343-349. 
Brackett, G. B. Prevention of Frost Injury to Fruit Crops. Yearbook. Dept. of 

Agric, 1909, pp. 357-364. 
Bremner, O. B. Destructive Insects and Their Control. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., special 

rept. 1910. 
Brown, E. Orange in Northern California. Scientific American. 88:138-139. Feb. 

21, 1903. 
Budlong, W. F. Citrus Fruit Culture in Riverside 1899-1900. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. 7th 

Biennial Rpt. 1899-1900, pp. 228-232. 
Burton, R. P. Florida Citrus Exchange. Proceedings of Fla. St. Hort. Soc, 1910, 

pp. 154-160. 
The Florida Exchange. Proceedings of the Fla. St. Hort. Soc, 1911, pp. 78-92. 
Butler, C. W. Orange Tree Scale. Transactions of Fla. St. Hort. Soc, 1908. 

pp. 103-106. 
Cal. Fruit Grower. Orange Sorter to Detect Frozen Oranges. No. 1286. pp. 6-7. 
Call, A. F. Treatment of Gum Disease. 37th Cal. Fruit Growers' Convention, 1910, 

pp. 66-71. 
Canada, C. W. Canada & S. Arai. How to Plant and Cultivate an Orange Orchard; 

Summary of the Main Points. C. W. Canada, Houston, Texas. 1909. 
Carnes, E. K. Coccidse of California. Cal. St. Com. Hort. 2d Biennial Rept.. 1905-06. 

pp. 155-222. (Bound with Appendix to Journals of Senate and Assembly. 37th 

sess., 1907.) 
Mediterranean Fruit Ply. Mo. Bui. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 5. Illustr. 
Practical Work Combating the Whitefly. 33d Cal. Fruit Growers' Convention. 

1907, pp. 133-147. 



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Chapman, A. S. Fertilization of Orange Orchards. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Biennial Rept. 
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CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 107 

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108 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

Stem End Rot. Gummosis. Scaly Bark or Nail-Head Rust. Cflrus Scab or 

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110 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

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CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. Ill 

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112 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

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CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 113 

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8— cc 



114 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 

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1911, pp. 53-64. 



INDEX. 



Acid, clamps, 77. 

container, 74. 

cut-offs, 77. 

dosage, 76-77. 

generators, 75. 

graduates, 74. 

sulpliuric, 73-79. 
Acida variety, 99. 
Adobe soils, 8. 

Alcohol to determine frozen fruit, 11. 
Aleyrodes citri, 57-59. 
Alfalfa, 12, 25, 30. 
Alkali, 9. 

black, 9, 26. 
-Allograpta ohliqua, 60. 
Alternaria citri, 49. 
American syrphid, 60. 
Aj}helinus diaspidis, 63. 
Aphidins testaceipes, 63. 
Aphis cookii, 56. 

(jossypli, 56. 
Arainiffus fulleri. 21, 57, 69. 
Aphycus pavus, 63. 

immaculatus, 63. 
Arid soils, S. 
Armillaria mellea, 49—50. 
Arrangement of trees, 14-15. 
Arsenate of lead, 67. 
Aspidiotiophagus citrinits, 63, 64. 
Aspidiotiis camellicv, 57. 

hederw, 54, 57. 
Axion pilatii, 60. 

plagiatus, 60. 
Australian navel orange, 87. 

Balling trees, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19. 
Bands, tanglefoot, 69. 
Beans, 25. 
Beetles, 57. 

ladybird, 60-61. 
Bibliography, 105. 
Bigaradia orange, 84. 
Bitter orange, 84. 
Black, alkali, 9, 26. 

citi'us louse, 56, 63. 

ladybird beetle, 60. 

scale. 53. 57, 63. 79, SO. 
Blanchard, N. W., 48, 83. 
Blood orange, 92. 

malta, 92. 

ruby, 92. 
Block fumigation, 82. 
Blower, 68. 
Blue mold, 47. 
Bone, 26. 

steamed, 26. 

treated, 26. 
Books, Citrus fruits and their culture, 93. 

Fungi, 50. 



Bordeau.x mixture, fumigation, 48, 81. 
for withertip, 48. 
preparation of, 65-66. 

paste, 44. 

preparation of, 66. 
Botrytis vulgaris, 44. 
Box, lemon, 34. 

orange, 34. 
Brands, choice, 42. 

culls, 42. 

fancy, 42. 

standard, 42. 
Brown, lacewing, 60. 

rot, 47, 48. 

causing gummosis, 44. 

scale, 57. 

spot, 46. 
Bud, 13. 

securing, 13. 

selection, 13, 19-20. 
Budding, 13, 19-22. 

figure, 20, 21, 22. 

large trees, 21. 
figure, 21. 
Burr clover, 25. 
Butterfly, 57. 
By-products, citrus, 100-101. 

candied lemon peel, 101. 

citrate of lime, 100. 

oil of lemon, 100. 

salted lemon, 101. 

Calendar, citrus pests, 56-57. 
California, orange dog, 57. 

fruit growers' exchange, 103-104. 
Call, A. F., 3. 27. 
Canadian field peas, 25. 
Candied lemon peel, 101. 
Cankerworms, 69. 
Carbolic acid emulsion, 67. 
Carbonate of soda, 9, 26. 
Care, of fumigating tents, 73. 

orchard, 23. 
Caterpillars, 69. 
Chaff scale, 57. 
Chapman, C. C, 3, 27, 29, 34. 
Charips xanthopsis, 63. 
Chase, Harry, 11. 
Cheiloneurus dactylopii, 63. 
Chemicals, 77. 
Chemical wagon, 73-77. 
Chili saltpeter, 26, 27. 
Chilocorus Mvulnerus, 60, 61. 
Chionaspis citri, 57. 
Chlorosis, 43. 
Choice brand, 42. 
Chrysomphalus, aonidum, 57. 

aurantii, 54, 57. 

citrinus, 55, 57. 



116 



INDEX. 



Chrysopa californica, 60, 61. 
Chrysoplatycerus splendens, 63. 
Citrate of lime, 100. 
Citron, 95, 96. 
figure, 96. 
Citrus culture, 3, 5. 

Butte County, 7. 
fascinating, 7. 
Glenn County, 7. 
history of, 7. 
importance, 7. 
labor, 5. 
locality, 8. 
north and south, 7. 
Placer County, 7. 
profitable, 5, 7. 
rapid growth, 5. 
study, 7. 
aphid, 62, 63. 
by-producte, 100-101. 
grading for, 13. 
louse, 56. 

mealy bug, 51, 56. 
protective league, 104. 
red spider, 56. 
thrips, 56. 
white fly, 57. 
Citrus aurantium amara, 84-85. 
sinensis, 85-87. 
dectimana, 94. 
figure, 94. 

triumph pomelo, 95. 
Marsh's seedless, 95. 
japonica, 95. 
medica, 95. 

acida, 99-100. 
genuiana, 95. 
Union, 95-100. 
nobilis, 93. 

figure, 92. 
Clamps, acid, 77. 

Claremont Pomological Club, 102-103. 
Clay soils, 8, 12, 28. 
Climate, 10. 

conditions, 10. 
frost, 10-12. 
Clippers, 41. 
Clover, burr, 25. 

sweet, 12. 
Clubs, farmers', 102-103. 
Coal baskets, 10. 
Coccophagus lecanii, 63. 

lunulatus, 63. 
Coccus elongatus, 57. 

hesperidum, 52, 57, 62. 
Colletotrichum glccosporioides, 48. 
Commercial, fertilizers, 
application by. 

Call, A. F., 27. 
Chapman, C. C, 27. 
Palmer, F. L., 27. 
lime-sulphur, 67. 
Comys fusca, 63. 
Contouring, 13, 28. 
Control of insects, 56-57, 60, 63. 
Copper sulphate, 47. 



Cottony, mold, 4 8. 

cushion scale, 52, 56, m>, 63. 
Cover crops, 12, 13, 25, 27. 

plowing, 25, 30. 

seeding, 32. 

vetch, 12. 
Cowpeas, 25. 
Crop in orchard, 25. 

beans, 25. 
Cryptochwtum icerycr, 63. 
Cryptogonus orbiculus, 60. 
Cryptolamus montrousieri, 60, 61. 
Cucumber beetle, 57. 
Culbertson, J. D., 3. 
Culls, brand, 42. 
Cultivation, 23, 28, 30. 
Cultivator, 31. 
Culture, citrus, range, 7, 8. 
Cundiff, R. P., 3, 46. 
Curing lemons, 41, 42. 
Cut-offs, acid, 77. 
Cuttings, 97. 
Cutworm, 57, 69. 
Cyanide, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79. 

potassium, 69, 77-79. ' 

sodium, 77-79. 

Damping off, 4 8-49. 
Dancy tangerine, 93. 

figure, 92, 
Decadence in citrus groves, 82. 

how prevented, 82. 

not necessary, 82. 
Diahrotica soror, 57. 
Die-back, 44. 

Dipping fumigating tents, 72. 
Dipterous parasites, 63. 
Disk drill, 32. 

Distillate for orchard heating. 11. 
Dosage, fumigating, 73, 76, 77. 79, 81. 

black scale, 79. 

mealy bug, 79. 

purple scale, 79. 

red scale, 79. 

schedule, SO, 81. 

yellow scale, 79. 
Doubletrees, 33. 
Drained soils, 27. 
Drills, 32. 
Duggar, B. M., 50. 
Dusts, sprays, 68-69. 
Dynamite for hardpan, 44. 

Elms, 23. 

Encyrtus flavus, 63. 
Eriophyes olcivorus, 56. 
Essig, E. O., 3. 
Enlecanium j)ruinosum, 57. 
Eupelmus mirahiUs, 63. 
Eureka lemon, 97-99. 

figure, 99. 
Euthrips citri, 56. 
Exanthema, 44. 
Exchange, California fruit gi-owers", 

103-104. 
Exochomus calif amicus, 60. 



INDEX. 



117 



Fancy brand, 42. 
Farmers' clubs, 102-103. 

Institutes, 102. 
Fawcett, H. S., 44. 
Fertilization, 25-28. 
Fertilizer, 13, 23. 

drilling, commercial, 32. 
Firing-, 10. 
Flies, syrphid, 60. 
Florida die-back, 44. 
Flowers of sulphur, 68. 
Foot rot, 45-46. 
Frost, 10, 16, 97. 

lessons taught, 11. 

prevention, 10—12. 
Frosted scale, 57, 63. 
Frozen fruit, determining, 11. 
alcohol method, 11. 
Chase method, 11. 

marketing, 12. 

trees, pruning, 12. 
Fruit, frozen, 11-12. 

growers' exchange, 103-104. 
Fuller's rose beetle (weevil), 21, 57, 69. 
Fumigation, 65. 

block, 82. 

Bordeaux mixture, 48, 81. 

buying materials, 81-82. 

chemicals, 77. 

dosage, 79. 

schedules, 76. 

exposure, 80. 

insect pests, 56-57. 

methods, 69-70. 

procedure, 79. 

temperature, 81. 

tents, 70-73. 

time, SO. 

wagons, 73-75. 
Fungi, 46. 

Fungous diseases, 43. 
Furrower, 32. 
Fusarium, 48-49. 

Gas, hydrocyanic acid, 69. 
Generators, acid, 75. 
Gloves, rubber, 77. 
Glover's scale, 57. 
Gold dust to remove soot, 11. 
Grading, 13, 42. 

lemons, 42. 

oranges, 42. 
Graduates, fumigation, 74. 
Grafting, 21. 
Grapefruit, Marsh's seedless, 95. 

pack, 38. 

triumph, 95. 
Gravelly soils, 8. 
Gray mold, 48. 

producing gummosis, 44. 
Greedy scale, 57. 
Greenhouse thrips, 56. 
Green, citrus louse, 56. 

lacewing, 60, 61. 

mold, 47. 

peach aphid, 56. 



Growth of industry, 5. 
Gum disease, 44. 
Gummosis, 44. 
Gypsum, 27, 46. 

Hampton, Mr., 30. 

Handling young trees, 14, 16. 

Hardpan, 9. 

tree troubles, 43-44. 
Harrows, 31. 
Heading trees, high, 24. 
figure, 23. 

low, 24. 

figure, 24. 
Heliothrips hwmorrhoidalis, 56. 
Hemerohius pacificus, 60. 
Hemispherical scale, 57, 63. 
Hexagonal system, 14-16. 
Hilgard, E. W., 25, 26. 
Hippodamia convergens, 60. 
History of citrus, 7. 
Holes for trees, 16. 
Homosassa orange, 92. 
Hopkins, C. G., 25, 26, 30. 
Hop tree, 83. 
Hume, H. H., 93. 
Humus, 8, 12, 23, 25, 26. 
Hydrocyanic acid gas, 69. 
Hymenopterous parasites, 63. 
Hyperaspis lateralis, 60. 

Icerya purchasi, 52, 56. 
Imperial lime, 100. 
Implements, cultivating, 30, 31. 
Insects, attacks, 43. 
control, 56-57. 
illustrations, 51-64. 
black scale, 53. 
lacewing, 61. 
ladybird beetles, 61. 
chalcid flies, 63-64. 
lemon peel scale, 54. 
mealy bug, 51. 
parasitized aphids, 62. 

scale, 62. 
purple scale, 58. 
red scale, 54. 
soft brown scale, 62. 
white fly, 58-59. 
yellow scale, 55. 
injurious, 51-59. 
parasitic, 62-64. 
predaceous, 60. 
Irrigation, 9, 17, 19, 23, 28-29. 
after planting, 17, 18. 
basin, 23. 
deep, 23, 28. 
furrow, 23, 28-29. 
Italy, 97, 101. 
Ivy scale, 54, 57. 

Jaffa orange, 92. 
figure, 90. 

Katydid, 56, 63. 

Kerosene to remove soot, 11. 



118 



INDEX. 



King, F. H., 26. 

soil tester, 9, 28. 
Koethen, E. L., 3. 
Kumquat, 95. 

Lacewings, 60. 

brown, 60. 

green, 60. 
Ladybird beetles, 60-61. 
JLasiophthicus pyrastri, 60. 
Layering, 21. 
Lead arsenate, 67. 
Leghorn, 101. 
Legumes, cover crops, 25. 
Lelong, B. M., 3, 7, 84. 
Lemon, box, 34. 

candied peel, 101. 

frost resistance, 10. 

grading, 41, 42. 

oil of, 100. 

packing, 41. 

peteca, 46. 

propagation, 9 7. 

pruning, 29-30. 

salted, 101. 

varieties, 97—98. 

Eureka, 97, 99. 
Lisbon, 97, 98. 
Villa Franca, 97. 
Lepidosaphes beckii, 57, 58. 

gloverii, 57. 
Leucopis hella, 63. 
Lime, 26, 65. 

and sulphur, 60. 

-sulphur, 4S, 67. 
Lime juice, 100. 
Limes, 95, 99-100. 

citrate, 100. 

Imperial, 100. 

juice, 100. 

Mexican, 100. 

Tahiti, 100. 
Limestone, 26. 
Lime-sulphur, commercial, 67. 

for withertip, 48. 
Limoneira Companj', packing-house, 
Lisbon lemon, 97, 98. 

figure, 98. 
Loam, 8. 

Localities to grow citrus, 8, 9, 11. 
Long- tailed mealy bug, 56. 
Longulus scale, 57. 

Macrosiphum citrifolii, 56. 
Mal-di-gomma, 45-46. 
Mandarin orange, 93, 95. 
Manure, 13, 23, 26. 
Marker, 32. 

Marking fumigating tents, 73. 
Marsh's seedless grapefruit, 95. 
Materials, buying, 81. 

fumigating tents, 71-72. 
McFadden, C. E., 77, 78. 
Mealy bug, 51, 56. 

dosage, 79. 

enemies of, 60, 63. 



42. 



Mediterranean sweet orange,»92. 

Melon aphis, 56. 

Mexican lime, 100. 

Microcentrum laurifoUum, 56. 

Mission Fathers, 7. 

Mites, citrus red spider, 56. 

enemies of, 60. 

silver, 56. 

six-spotted, 56. 
Mold, 46. 

blue, 47. 

cottony, 48. 

gray, 48. 

green, 47. 
Morrill, A. W., 70. 

system, 70. 
Morris, Earl, 49. 
Moths, 57. 
Mottled leaf, 43. 
Mulch under trees, 29. 
Myzus persicw, 56. 

Navel orange, 85. 

figure, 86. 

rot, 49. 

figure, 49. 

Thompson's improved, 89. 

Washington, 86-87. 
Nitrate of soda, 26, 27. 
Nitrogen, 25-27. 
Novius cardinalis, 60, 61. 

kabelei, 60. 
Number of fumigating tents to outfit, 
Nursery stock, growing, 14, 18-19. 

Oak-root fungus, 49-50. 

Oil, kerosene to remove soot, 11. 

of lemons, 100-101. 

pots, 10, 11, 12. 
Orange, bitter, 84-85. 

blood, 92. 

chionaspis, 57. 

diagram of packs, 35, 36, 37. 

frost resistance, 10. 

grading, 42. 

Homosassa, 92. 

Jaffa, 92. 

Mandarin, 93. 

Mediterranean sweet, 92. 

number in box, 34. 

paper rind St. Michael, 92. 

packs, 35-37. 

picking, 34. 

puffing, 46. 

pruning, 29-30. 

splitting, 46. 

sweet, 85-92. 

Thompson's navel, 89-90. 

tortrix, 57. 

trifoliate, 84. 

Valencia, 88-89. 

Washington navel, 86-87. 
Orcus chalybeus, 60. 
Old Mission brand, 42. 



INDEX. 



119- 



Orchard. 14. 

care of young, 23. 

contouring, 28. 

figure of, 6. 

planting, 13. 

preparation of soil, 13. 

procuring trees, 13. 

terracing, 28. 

trees, hexagonal' setting, 14, 15. 

quincunx, 15, 16. 

squares, 14, 15. 

triangular, 14, 15. 
young trees for, 12. 

Packing, fruit packs, 35-40. 

house, 42. 

Pomona, 42. 
Teague, 42. 

grading, 4 2. 
Packs, grapefruit, 38. 

lemon, 39-40. 

orange, 35-37. 
Palmer, F. K, 27. 
Paper rind St. Michael, 92. 
Papilio zoUcaon, 57. 
Parasites, dipterous, 63. 

hymenopterous, 63. 
Parlatoria pergandli, 57. 
Pear thrips, 51. 
Peas. Canadian field, 25. 

cow, 25. 
Pedigreed stock, 19. 
PenicilUum cligitatum, 47. 

italicum, 47. 
Peridroma margaritosa saucia, 57. 
Pests, control, 56-57, 60, 63. 
Peteca of lemons, 46. 
Phosphates, 26. 

bone, 26. 

rock, 26. 
Phosphoric acid, 27. 
Physiological troubles, 43. 
Picking, clippers, 41. 

expert work, 42. 

lemons, 41. 

oranges, 41. 

pomelos, 41. 

ring, 34. 

sack, 41. 
Plant diseases, 43-50. 

blue mold, 47. 

brown rot, 47. 

brown spot, 46. 

cottony mold, 48. 

damping-off, 48. 

exanthema, 44. 

fungi, 46. 

gray mold, 48. 

gummosis, 44. 

mal-di-gomma, 45. 

navel rot, 49. 

peteca, 46. 

psorosus, 44. 

puffing, 46. 

root-rot, 49. 



Plant diseases — Continued. 

spitting. 46. 

withertip, 4 8. 
Plant lice, 56, 60. 
Planting, cover crops, 12, 13. 

trees, 12-17. 

time, 13, 16. 
Plowing, 30-31. 

cover crop, 25, 30. 
Plows, 31. 
Pomelo packs, 38. 

picking, 41, 93, 94. 
Potash, 26. 

sulphate, 27. 
Potassium cyanide, 77. 
Powell, G. H., 3, 7, 34, 47. 
Predators, 60. 

lacewings, 60. 

ladybird beetles, 60. 

syrphid flies, 60. 
Prickly ash, 83. 

Propagating citrus trees, 17-19. 
Prospaltella aurantii, 63. 
Protective league, citrus, 104. 
Pruning, 12, 16, 21, 23, 24, 29-30. 
Pseudococcus citri, 51, 56. 

longispinus, 56. 
Psorosis, 44. 
Puffing, 46. 
Purchasing trees, 13. 
Purple scale, 57, 58, 63, 79, 80. 
Pythiacystis citrophora, 44, 47-48 

Quincunx system. 14-16. 

Ramsey, H. J., 47. 
Red scale, 54, 57, 63, 79, SO. 
Florida, 57. 

spider, 56, 69. 
Reed, Fred, 3. 
Reed, J. H., 3, 102. 
Resin wash, 65, 67. 
Rhisobius ventralis, 60. 
Rliizoctonia, 48-49. 
Ring, picking, 34. 
Roots, 23. 

position in planting, 16-17. 
Root-rot, 49. 

Rose beetle, Fuller's, 21, 57, 69. 
Rot, brown, 47. 

foot, 45. 

navel, 49. 

root, 49-50. 

white, 48. 
Rubber gloves, 77. 

tubing, 77. 
Rutacew, 83. 

Saissetia heinisphwrica, 57. 

olew, 53, 57. 
Salted lemons, 101. 
Sandy soils, 8, 29. 
Scales, fumigating, 77. 
Scale insects, 51-58. 

black, 57. 

chaff, 57. 



120 



INDEX. 



Scale insects — Continued. 

cottony cushion, 56. 

enemies of, 60-64. 

Florida red, 57. 

Glover's, 57. 

greedy, 57. 

hemispherical, '57. 

ivy, 57. 

purple, 57. 

red, 57. 

soft brown, 57. 
Scaly bark, 44-45. 
Schedule, fumigating, 56-57. 
Sclerotinia Uhertiana, 48. 
Scutellista cyanea, 63, 64. 
Scymnus ffuttulatus, 60. 

marginicollis, 60. 

nebulossHs, 60. 

sordidjis, 60. 
Seeds, large, 17. 

planting, 12, 13, 17-19. 
Seed bed stock, 19. 
Seeding cover crops, 32. 
Seedlings, 18. 

figure, 18. 

handling, 18. 

orange, 91. 
Selecting buds, 13, 19-20. 

trees, 12, 13. 
Setting trees. 13, 16-17. 
Shaddock, 94-95. 

figure, 94. 
Shamel, A. D., 13, 19. 
Sicily, 8, 97. 

Signiphora occidentalis, 63. 
Silver mite, 56. 
Singletree, 33. 
Six-spotted mite. 56. 
Sizing fruits, 42. 
Slips, 21. 
Smith, E. H., 50. 

R. E.. 47, 48, 50. 
Smoke, 11. 
Sodium, carbonate, 26. 

cyanide, 77. 

nitrate, 26. 
Soft brown scale, 52, 57, 62, 63. 
Soils, adobe. 8. 

arid, 8. 

around young trees, 16-17. 

clay, 8, 12. 28. 

gravelly, 8. 

loam, 8. 

preparation, 12. 

sandy, 8, 28. 

Sicily, 8. 

tester. King's, 9, 28. 
Soot, removing from fruit, 11. 
Sour orange, 84. 

figure, 85. 

stock, 12, 13, 17, 97. 
Species of citrus trees, 83-100. 
Splitting of fruit, 46. 
Spot, brown, 46. 
Spraying, 65-67. 

formulfe, 65-67. 

outfit, 33. 



Sprays, 65-67. ^ 

Bordeau.x; mixture, 65. 

carbolic acid emulsion, 65. 

contact, 65. 

formulae, 65-67. 

resin wash, 65. 
Spray wagon, 66. 

figure, 66. 
Square system, 14-15.' 
Stable fertilizer, 13, 23, 26. 
Standard brand, 42. 
Steel blue ladybird beetle, 60. 
Stethorus vagans, 60. 
St. Michael, 92. 

figure, 91. 
Stock, nursery, 19. 

seed bed, 19. 

sour, 12, 13, 17. 
Straw as fertilizer, 26. 
Subsoiler, 32. 
Sub-varieties of orange, blood, 92. 

Homosassa, 92. 

other varieties, 91. 

Mediterranean sweet, 92. 

paper rind St. Michael, 92. 
figure, 91. 

seedlings, 91. 

Thompson's improved navel, 89. 
figure, 89. 

Valencia, 88. 
figure, 88. 

"Washington navel, 87. 
figure, 86. 
Suckers, pruning, 29. 
Sulphate of potash, 27. 
Sulphur, and lime, 69. 

flowers, 68. 

lime-sulphiir, 48, 67. 
Sulphuric acid, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79. 
Sweet clover, 12. 
Sympherobius angustus, 60. 
Syrphid flies, 60. 

American, 60. 

large, 60. 

small, 60. 
Syrplms aviericaniis, 60. 

Tangerine, Dancy, 92, 93. 
Tanglefoot bands. 69. 
Tannin tent dip, 7 3. 
Tape line, 76. 
Tariff, citrus, 6. 
Teague, C. C, 3, 48, 97. 
Teague, R. M., 3, 17, 19. 
Temperature, fumigating 80-81. 
Tents, care, 73. 

dipping, 72-73. 

figure of, 70, 71. 

fumigating, 70-73. 

hoist, 72. 

marking, 73. 

measuring, 76. 

number for outfit, 73. 

size, 70. 

Teague lemon curing, '42. 
Termes lucifugus, 56. 
Termite, 56. 



INDEX. 



121 



Terracing for irrigation, 28. 
Tetranychus himaculatus, 56, 69. 

mytilaspidis, 56, 69. 
Thermometer, 77. 
' Thompson's Improved navel, 89-90. 

figure, 89. 
Thrips, 56. 

clti'us, 56. 

greenhouse, 56. 
Thomomys sps., 101. 
Tobacco extracts, 66. 
Tomocera californica, 63. 
Tools, orchard, 31-33. 

cultivator, 31. 

drills, 32. 

harrows, 31. 

marker, 32. 

miscellaneous, 33. 

plows, 31. 

singletrees and doubletrees, 33. 

spraying outfit, 33. 

subsoiler, 32. 
figure, 32. 

wagon, 31. 
Tortrix citrana, 57. 
Toxoptera aurantiw, 56, 62. 
Trees, arrangement, 14-16. 

budded, 13, 19-21. 

cost of young, 13. 

digging, 14. 

planting, 13, 14, 16, 17. 

procuring, 13. 

propagating, 17-19. 

shipping. 14. 

young, 12. 
Triangular system, planting, 14-15. 
Triumph grapefruit, 95. 
Tuscany, 101. 



Two-stabbed ladybird beetle, 60, 61. 

Valencia late orange, 88-S9. 

figure, 88. 
Variegated cut worm, 57. 

leaf, 43. 
Varieties of trees, 83-100. 
Vedalia, 60, 61. 
Vetch, 12, 25. 
Villa Franca lemon, 97. 

Wagon, 31, 41. 

chemical, 73-77. 
"Washington navel orange, 86-87. 

figure, 86. 
Water, fumigating, 78. 

increased, 9. 

tank, fumigating, 74. 

underground, 9. 

sprouts, pruning, 29. 
Webber, H. J., 84. 
Weevil, Fuller's rose, 21, 57, 69. 
Western 12-spotted cucumber beetle, 57. 
White ant, 56. 

fly, 57-59. 

rot, 48. 
Withertip, 48. 
Woglum, R. S., 70, 78, 79. 
Woolly citrus aphid, 56. 
Wrapping, 42. 

Yellow leaf, 43. 

mite, 69. 

scale, 55, 57, 63, 64, 79, 80. 
Young trees, 12. 

balling, 13, 14. 

open roots, 13, 14. 

selecting, 12. 



9 — cc 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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